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page-literals_rdoc.ri
U:RDoc::TopLevel[ i I"syntax/literals.rdoc:EFcRDoc::Parser::Simpleo:RDoc::Markup::Document: @parts[S:RDoc::Markup::Heading: leveli: textI" Literals;To: RDoc::Markup::BlankLine o: RDoc::Markup::Paragraph;[I"LLiterals create objects you can use in your program. Literals include:;T@ o:RDoc::Markup::List: @type: BULLET: @items[o:RDoc::Markup::ListItem: @label0;[o; ;[I"Booleans and nil;To;;0;[o; ;[I" Numbers;To;;0;[o; ;[I" Strings;To;;0;[o; ;[I" Symbols;To;;0;[o; ;[I" Arrays;To;;0;[o; ;[I" Hashes;To;;0;[o; ;[I" Ranges;To;;0;[o; ;[I"Regular Expressions;To;;0;[o; ;[I" Procs;T@ S; ; i; I"Booleans and nil;T@ o; ;[I"S+nil+ and +false+ are both false values. +nil+ is sometimes used to indicate ;TI"Q"no value" or "unknown" but evaluates to +false+ in conditional expressions.;T@ o; ;[I"Q+true+ is a true value. All objects except +nil+ and +false+ evaluate to a ;TI"+true value in conditional expressions.;T@ S; ; i; I" Numbers;T@ o; ;[I"3You can write integers of any size as follows:;T@ o:RDoc::Markup::Verbatim;[I" 1234 ;TI" 1_234 ;T: @format0o; ;[I"NThese numbers have the same value, 1,234. The underscore may be used to ;TI"Renhance readability for humans. You may place an underscore anywhere in the ;TI" number.;T@ o; ;[I"6Floating point numbers may be written as follows:;T@ o;;[I" 12.34 ;TI" 1234e-2 ;TI" 1.234E1 ;T;0o; ;[I"TThese numbers have the same value, 12.34. You may use underscores in floating ;TI"point numbers as well.;T@ o; ;[ I"RYou can use a special prefix to write numbers in decimal, hexadecimal, octal ;TI"Nor binary formats. For decimal numbers use a prefix of <tt>0d</tt>, for ;TI"Nhexadecimal numbers use a prefix of <tt>0x</tt>, for octal numbers use a ;TI"Mprefix of <tt>0</tt> or <tt>0o</tt>, for binary numbers use a prefix of ;TI"P<tt>0b</tt>. The alphabetic component of the number is not case-sensitive.;T@ o; ;[I"Examples:;T@ o;;[I" 0d170 ;TI" 0D170 ;TI" ;TI" 0xaa ;TI" 0xAa ;TI" 0xAA ;TI" 0Xaa ;TI" 0XAa ;TI" 0XaA ;TI" ;TI" 0252 ;TI" 0o252 ;TI" 0O252 ;TI" ;TI"0b10101010 ;TI"0B10101010 ;T;0o; ;[I"SAll these numbers have the same decimal value, 170. Like integers and floats ;TI"/you may use an underscore for readability.;T@ S; ; i; I"Rational numbers;T@ o; ;[I"2Numbers suffixed by +r+ are Rational numbers.;T@ o;;[I" 12r #=> (12/1) ;TI" 12.3r #=> (123/10) ;T;0o; ;[I"CRational numbers are exact, whereas Float numbers are inexact.;T@ o;;[I" 0.1r + 0.2r #=> (3/10) ;TI")0.1 + 0.2 #=> 0.30000000000000004 ;T;0S; ; i; I"Complex numbers;T@ o; ;[I"@Numbers suffixed by +i+ are Complex (or imaginary) numbers.;T@ o;;[I" 1i #=> (0+1i) ;TI" 1i * 1i #=> (-1+0i) ;T;0o; ;[I"4Also Rational numbers may be imaginary numbers.;T@ o;;[I"$12.3ri #=> (0+(123/10)*i) ;T;0o; ;[I"?+i+ must be placed after +r+, the opposite is not allowed.;T@ o;;[I""12.3ir #=> syntax error ;T;0S; ; i; I" Strings;T@ o; ;[I"@The most common way of writing strings is using <tt>"</tt>:;T@ o;;[I""This is a string." ;T;0o; ;[I"'The string may be many lines long.;T@ o; ;[I"-Any internal <tt>"</tt> must be escaped:;T@ o;;[I"C"This string has a quote: \". As you can see, it is escaped" ;T;0o; ;[I"KDouble-quote strings allow escaped characters such as <tt>\n</tt> for ;TI"Knewline, <tt>\t</tt> for tab, etc. The full list of supported escape ;TI" sequences are as follows:;T@ o;;[I"*\a bell, ASCII 07h (BEL) ;TI".\b backspace, ASCII 08h (BS) ;TI"4\t horizontal tab, ASCII 09h (TAB) ;TI"8\n newline (line feed), ASCII 0Ah (LF) ;TI"1\v vertical tab, ASCII 0Bh (VT) ;TI".\f form feed, ASCII 0Ch (FF) ;TI"4\r carriage return, ASCII 0Dh (CR) ;TI",\e escape, ASCII 1Bh (ESC) ;TI"+\s space, ASCII 20h (SPC) ;TI"!\\ backslash, \ ;TI"M\nnn octal bit pattern, where nnn is 1-3 octal digits ([0-7]) ;TI"^\xnn hexadecimal bit pattern, where nn is 1-2 hexadecimal digits ([0-9a-fA-F]) ;TI"`\unnnn Unicode character, where nnnn is exactly 4 hexadecimal digits ([0-9a-fA-F]) ;TI"b\u{nnnn ...} Unicode character(s), where each nnnn is 1-6 hexadecimal digits ([0-9a-fA-F]) ;TI"O\cx or \C-x control character, where x is an ASCII printable character ;TI"L\M-x meta character, where x is an ASCII printable character ;TI"T\M-\C-x meta control character, where x is an ASCII printable character ;TI""\M-\cx same as above ;TI""\c\M-x same as above ;TI",\c? or \C-? delete, ASCII 7Fh (DEL) ;T;0o; ;[I"EAny other character following a backslash is interpreted as the ;TI"character itself.;T@ o; ;[I"DDouble-quote strings allow interpolation of other values using ;TI"<tt>#{...}</tt>:;T@ o;;[I"%"One plus one is two: #{1 + 1}" ;T;0o; ;[I"TAny expression may be placed inside the interpolated section, but it's best to ;TI"/keep the expression small for readability.;T@ o; ;[I"NYou can also use <tt>#@foo</tt>, <tt>#@@foo</tt> and <tt>#$foo</tt> as a ;TI"Nshorthand for, respectively, <tt>#{ @foo }</tt>, <tt>#{ @@foo }</tt> and ;TI"<tt>#{ $foo }</tt>.;T@ o; ;[I"JInterpolation may be disabled by escaping the "#" character or using ;TI"single-quote strings:;T@ o;;[I" '#{1 + 1}' #=> "\#{1 + 1}" ;T;0o; ;[I"TIn addition to disabling interpolation, single-quoted strings also disable all ;TI"Nescape sequences except for the single-quote (<tt>\'</tt>) and backslash ;TI"(<tt>\\\\</tt>).;T@ o; ;[I"2You may also create strings using <tt>%</tt>:;T@ o;;[I"+%(1 + 1 is #{1 + 1}) #=> "1 + 1 is 2" ;T;0o; ;[ I"RThere are two different types of <tt>%</tt> strings <tt>%q(...)</tt> behaves ;TI"Plike a single-quote string (no interpolation or character escaping), while ;TI"R<tt>%Q</tt> behaves as a double-quote string. See Percent Strings below for ;TI"6more discussion of the syntax of percent strings.;T@ o; ;[I"PAdjacent string literals are automatically concatenated by the interpreter:;T@ o;;[I"5"con" "cat" "en" "at" "ion" #=> "concatenation" ;TI" "This string contains "\ ;TI"I"no newlines." #=> "This string contains no newlines." ;T;0o; ;[I"RAny combination of adjacent single-quote, double-quote, percent strings will ;TI"=be concatenated as long as a percent-string is not last.;T@ o;;[I" %q{a} 'b' "c" #=> "abc" ;TI";"a" 'b' %q{c} #=> NameError: uninitialized constant q ;T;0o; ;[ I"DThere is also a character literal notation to represent single ;TI"Echaracter strings, which syntax is a question mark (<tt>?</tt>) ;TI"Kfollowed by a single character or escape sequence that corresponds to ;TI"/a single codepoint in the script encoding:;T@ o;;[I"?a #=> "a" ;TI" ?abc #=> SyntaxError ;TI"?\n #=> "\n" ;TI"?\s #=> " " ;TI"?\\ #=> "\\" ;TI"?\u{41} #=> "A" ;TI"?\C-a #=> "\x01" ;TI"?\M-a #=> "\xE1" ;TI"?\M-\C-a #=> "\x81" ;TI"(?\C-\M-a #=> "\x81", same as above ;TI"?あ #=> "あ" ;T;0S; ; i; I" Here Documents (heredocs);T@ o; ;[I"OIf you are writing a large block of text you may use a "here document" or ;TI""heredoc":;T@ o;;[ I"!expected_result = <<HEREDOC ;TI"2This would contain specially formatted text. ;TI" ;TI" That might span many lines ;TI" HEREDOC ;T;0o; ;[I"SThe heredoc starts on the line following <tt><<HEREDOC</tt> and ends with the ;TI"Rnext line that starts with <tt>HEREDOC</tt>. The result includes the ending ;TI" newline.;T@ o; ;[I"RYou may use any identifier with a heredoc, but all-uppercase identifiers are ;TI"typically used.;T@ o; ;[I"OYou may indent the ending identifier if you place a "-" after <tt><<</tt>:;T@ o;;[ I"- expected_result = <<-INDENTED_HEREDOC ;TI"2This would contain specially formatted text. ;TI" ;TI" That might span many lines ;TI" INDENTED_HEREDOC ;T;0o; ;[I"PNote that the while the closing identifier may be indented, the content is ;TI"Talways treated as if it is flush left. If you indent the content those spaces ;TI" will appear in the output.;T@ o; ;[I"UTo have indented content as well as an indented closing identifier, you can use ;TI"Oa "squiggly" heredoc, which uses a "~" instead of a "-" after <tt><<</tt>:;T@ o;;[ I"+expected_result = <<~SQUIGGLY_HEREDOC ;TI"4 This would contain specially formatted text. ;TI" ;TI"" That might span many lines ;TI"SQUIGGLY_HEREDOC ;T;0o; ;[ I"RThe indentation of the least-indented line will be removed from each line of ;TI"Uthe content. Note that empty lines and lines consisting solely of literal tabs ;TI"Qand spaces will be ignored for the purposes of determining indentation, but ;TI"Gescaped tabs and spaces are considered non-indentation characters.;T@ o; ;[I"MA heredoc allows interpolation and escaped characters. You may disable ;TI"Rinterpolation and escaping by surrounding the opening identifier with single ;TI" quotes:;T@ o;;[ I"%expected_result = <<-'EXPECTED' ;TI" One plus one is #{1 + 1} ;TI"EXPECTED ;TI" ;TI"?p expected_result # prints: "One plus one is \#{1 + 1}\n" ;T;0o; ;[I"TThe identifier may also be surrounded with double quotes (which is the same as ;TI"Mno quotes) or with backticks. When surrounded by backticks the HEREDOC ;TI"behaves like Kernel#`:;T@ o;;[I"puts <<-`HEREDOC` ;TI"cat #{__FILE__} ;TI" HEREDOC ;T;0o; ;[I"LWhen surrounding with quotes, any character but that quote and newline ;TI"2(CR and/or LF) can be used as the identifier.;T@ o; ;[I"ITo call a method on a heredoc place it after the opening identifier:;T@ o;;[I")expected_result = <<-EXPECTED.chomp ;TI" One plus one is #{1 + 1} ;TI"EXPECTED ;T;0o; ;[I"SYou may open multiple heredocs on the same line, but this can be difficult to ;TI" read:;T@ o;;[ I"puts(<<-ONE, <<-TWO) ;TI" content for heredoc one ;TI" ONE ;TI" content for heredoc two ;TI" TWO ;T;0S; ; i; I" Symbols;T@ o; ;[I"RA Symbol represents a name inside the ruby interpreter. See Symbol for more ;TI"Gdetails on what symbols are and when ruby creates them internally.;T@ o; ;[I"CYou may reference a symbol using a colon: <tt>:my_symbol</tt>.;T@ o; ;[I"2You may also create symbols by interpolation:;T@ o;;[I":"my_symbol1" ;TI":"my_symbol#{1 + 1}" ;T;0o; ;[I"GLike strings, a single-quote may be used to disable interpolation:;T@ o;;[I"4:'my_symbol#{1 + 1}' #=> :"my_symbol\#{1 + 1}" ;T;0o; ;[I"QWhen creating a Hash, there is a special syntax for referencing a Symbol as ;TI" well.;T@ S; ; i; I" Arrays;T@ o; ;[I"MAn array is created using the objects between <tt>[</tt> and <tt>]</tt>:;T@ o;;[I"[1, 2, 3] ;T;0o; ;[I"0You may place expressions inside the array:;T@ o;;[I"[1, 1 + 1, 1 + 2] ;TI"[1, [1 + 1, [1 + 2]]] ;T;0o; ;[I"9See Array for the methods you may use with an array.;T@ S; ; i; I" Hashes;T@ o; ;[I"OA hash is created using key-value pairs between <tt>{</tt> and <tt>}</tt>:;T@ o;;[I" { "a" => 1, "b" => 2 } ;T;0o; ;[I".Both the key and value may be any object.;T@ o; ;[I"GYou can create a hash using symbol keys with the following syntax:;T@ o;;[I"{ a: 1, b: 2 } ;T;0o; ;[I"AThis same syntax is used for keyword arguments for a method.;T@ o; ;[I"5Like Symbol literals, you can quote symbol keys.;T@ o;;[I"#{ "a 1": 1, "b #{1 + 1}": 2 } ;T;0o; ;[I"is equal to;T@ o;;[I""{ :"a 1" => 1, :"b 2" => 2 } ;T;0o; ;[I"6See Hash for the methods you may use with a hash.;T@ S; ; i; I" Ranges;T@ o; ;[I"QA range represents an interval of values. The range may include or exclude ;TI"its ending value.;T@ o;;[ I")(1..2) # includes its ending value ;TI")(1...2) # excludes its ending value ;TI"P(1..) # endless range, representing infinite sequence from 1 to Infinity ;TI"S(..1) # beginless range, representing infinite sequence from -Infinity to 1 ;T;0o; ;[I"TYou may create a range of any object. See the Range documentation for details ;TI"*on the methods you need to implement.;T@ S; ; i; I"Regular Expressions;T@ o; ;[I"/A regular expression is created using "/":;T@ o;;[I" /my regular expression/ ;T;0o; ;[I"OThe regular expression may be followed by flags which adjust the matching ;TI"Tbehavior of the regular expression. The "i" flag makes the regular expression ;TI"case-insensitive:;T@ o;;[I" /my regular expression/i ;T;0o; ;[I"MInterpolation may be used inside regular expressions along with escaped ;TI"Pcharacters. Note that a regular expression may require additional escaped ;TI" characters than a string.;T@ o; ;[I"GSee Regexp for a description of the syntax of regular expressions.;T@ S; ; i; I" Procs;T@ o; ;[I"3A lambda proc can be created with <tt>-></tt>:;T@ o;;[I"-> { 1 + 1 } ;T;0o; ;[I"=Calling the above proc will give a result of <tt>2</tt>.;T@ o; ;[I"7You can require arguments for the proc as follows:;T@ o;;[I"->(v) { 1 + v } ;T;0o; ;[I",This proc will add one to its argument.;T@ S; ; i; I"Percent Strings;T@ o; ;[I"OBesides <tt>%(...)</tt> which creates a String, the <tt>%</tt> may create ;TI"Iother types of object. As with strings, an uppercase letter allows ;TI"Qinterpolation and escaped characters while a lowercase letter disables them.;T@ o; ;[I"4These are the types of percent strings in ruby:;T@ o;;: NOTE;[ o;;[I"<tt>%i</tt> ;T;[o; ;[I"Array of Symbols;To;;[I"<tt>%q</tt> ;T;[o; ;[I" String;To;;[I"<tt>%r</tt> ;T;[o; ;[I"Regular Expression;To;;[I"<tt>%s</tt> ;T;[o; ;[I" Symbol;To;;[I"<tt>%w</tt> ;T;[o; ;[I"Array of Strings;To;;[I"<tt>%x</tt> ;T;[o; ;[I"'Backtick (capture subshell result);T@ o; ;[I"RFor the two array forms of percent string, if you wish to include a space in ;TI"Gone of the array entries you must escape it with a "\\" character:;T@ o;;[I" %w[one one-hundred\ one] ;TI"$#=> ["one", "one-hundred one"] ;T;0o; ;[I"SIf you are using "(", "[", "{", "<" you must close it with ")", "]", "}", ">" ;TI"Srespectively. You may use most other non-alphanumeric characters for percent ;TI"2string delimiters such as "%", "|", "^", etc.;T: @file@:0@omit_headings_from_table_of_contents_below0