⚝
One Hat Cyber Team
⚝
Your IP:
216.73.216.133
Server IP:
185.119.109.197
Server:
Linux managedhosting.chostar.me 5.15.0-160-generic #170-Ubuntu SMP Wed Oct 1 10:06:56 UTC 2025 x86_64
Server Software:
Apache
PHP Version:
8.1.33
Buat File
|
Buat Folder
Eksekusi
Dir :
~
/
proc
/
self
/
root
/
usr
/
share
/
doc
/
groff
/
html
/
mom
/
View File Name :
images.html
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> <!-- This file is part of groff, the GNU roff type-setting system. Copyright (C) 2004-2018 Free Software Foundation, Inc. Written by Peter Schaffter (peter@schaffter.ca). Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the Free Documentation License is included as a file called FDL in the main directory of the groff source package. --> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8"/> <title>Mom -- Graphics, floats, and preprocessor support</title> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="stylesheet.css" /> </head> <body style="background-color: #f5faff;"> <!-- ==================================================================== --> <div id="top" class="page"> <!-- Navigation links --> <table style="width: 100%;"> <tr> <td><a href="toc.html">Back to Table of Contents</a></td> <td style="text-align: right;"><a href="headfootpage.html#top">Next: Page headers/footers, pagination</a></td> </tr> </table> <h1 class="docs">Graphics, floats, and preprocessor support</h1> <div style="width: 80%; margin: auto;"> <ul class="no-enumerator" style="margin-left: -1em;"> <li><a href="#images-intro">Inserting images and graphics</a> <ul> <li><a href="#converting">Image conversion and file processing</a> <ul style="margin-left: -1.25em"> <li><a href="#pdf">PDF</a></li> <li><a href="#eps">EPS</a></li> </ul></li> <li><a href="#pdf-image">The PDF_IMAGE macro</a> <ul style="margin-left: -1.25em"> <li><a href="#pdf-image-frame">PDF_IMAGE_FRAME</a>—set parameters for image frames</li> </ul></li> <li><a href="#pspic">The PSPIC macro</a></li> </ul> <li><a href="#floats-intro">Floats</a> <ul> <li><a href="#float">The FLOAT macro</a></li> <li><a href="#float-label-caption">Labelling and captioning floats</a> <ul style="margin-left: -1.25em"> <li><a href="#label">LABEL</a></li> <li><a href="#caption">CAPTION</a></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> <li><a href="#preprocessor-support">Preprocessor support</a> <ul> <li><a href="#tbl">tbl</a> <ul style="margin-left: -1.25em;"> <li><a href="#ts-te">.TS / .TH / .TE macros and arguments</a></li> </ul></li> <li><a href="#eqn">eqn</a> <ul style="margin-left: -1.25em;"> <li><a href="#eq-en">.EQ / .EN macros and arguments</a></li> </ul></li> <li><a href="#pic">pic</a> <ul style="margin-left: -1.25em;"> <li><a href="#ps-pe">.PS / .PE macros and arguments</a></li> <li><a href="#pic-text-style">PIC_TEXT_STYLE</a>—set parameters for text used in diagrams</li> </ul></li> <li><a href="#grap">grap</a> <ul style="margin-left: -1.25em;"> </ul></li> <li><a href="#refer">refer</a></li> </ul> <li><a href="#captions-and-labels">Captions and labels</a> <ul> <li><a href="#autolabel">AUTOLABEL</a></li> <li><a href="#set-autolabel">SET_AUTOLABEL</a></li> <li><a href="#caption-after-label">CAPTION_AFTER_LABEL</a></li> <li><a href="#captions-labels-sources">CAPTIONS / LABELS / SOURCES</a>—set style parameters for each</li> <li><a href="#mla">MLA</a></li> </ul></li> <li><a href="#lists-of">Lists of Figures, Tables, and Equations</a> <ul> <li><a href="#lists-placement">Placement of Lists</a></li> <li><a href="#lists-macros">Macros to generate Lists</a></li> <li><a href="#formatting-lists">Formatting and style parameters for Lists</a> <ul style="margin-left: -1.25em"> <li><a href="#lists-style">LISTS_STYLE</a></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> </ul> </div> <div class="rule-medium"><hr/></div> <h2 id="images-intro" class="docs">Inserting images and graphics</h2> <p> In order to include images in mom documents, the images must be in either PDF (.pdf) or EPS (.eps) format. Each format requires its own macro, but both take the same arguments, and in the same order. </p> <p> Please note that there are differences in the way the files containing PDF and EPS images must be processed, hence documents may not contain a mix. </p> <h3 id=converting class="docs">Image conversion and file processing</h3> <p> When your image files are not in PDF or EPS format—jpgs, for example—you must convert them before including them in a mom document. Any utility for converting images may used. The ImageMagick suite of programmes, present on most GNU/Linux systems, contains <b>convert</b>, which is simple and effective. </p> <h4 id="pdf" class="docs">PDF</h4> <p> Assuming a jpg image, conversion to PDF is done like this: <br/> <span class="pre-in-pp"> convert <image>.jpg <image>.pdf </span> Any image type supported by <b>convert</b> may be converted this way. </p> <p> Mom files containing PDF images must be processed using groff’s pdf driver. Use of <a href="using.html#pdfmom" style="font-weight: bold">pdfmom</a> is strongly recommended, which natively invokes the pdf driver. <br/> <span class="pre-in-pp"> pdfmom doc.mom > doc.pdf </span> </p> <h4 id="eps" class="docs">EPS</h4> <p> Assuming a jpg image, conversion to EPS is done like this: <br/> <span class="pre-in-pp"> convert <image>.jpg <image>.eps </span> Any image type supported by <b>convert</b> may be converted this way. There have been reports of trouble with PostScript level 2 images, so don’t save your images in this format. </p> <p> Mom files containing EPS images must be processed using groff’s postscript driver. Use of <a href="using.html#pdfmom" style="font-weight: bold">pdfmom</a>, which can be told to use the postscript driver, is strongly recommended. <br/> <span class="pre-in-pp"> pdfmom -Tps doc.mom > doc.pdf </span> </p> <!---PDF_IMAGE---> <div class="macro-id-overline"> <h3 id="pdf-image" class= "macro-id">PDF_IMAGE</h3> </div> <div class="box-macro-args"> Macro: <b>PDF_IMAGE</b> <kbd class="macro-args">[ -L | -C | -R | -I <indent> ] \ <br/> <image-file.pdf> <width> <height> [ SCALE <factor> ] \ <br/> [ ADJUST +|-<vertical adjustment> ] [ NO_SHIM ] [ NO_FLEX ] \ <br/> [ FRAME ] \ <br/> [ CAPTION "<caption>" ] [ SHORT_CAPTION "<short caption>" ] \ <br/> [ LABEL "<label>" ] [ TARGET "<name>" ]</kbd> </div> <p class="requires"> • <span style="font-style: normal"> <kbd><indent></kbd>, <kbd><width></kbd>, <kbd><height></kbd></span> and <span style="font-style: normal"> <kbd><vertical adjustment></kbd></span> require a <a href="definitions.html#unitofmeasure">unit of measure</a> </p> <div class="box-tip"> <p class="tip"> <span class="note">Note:</span> Arguments may be broken into several lines using the “line-continued” backslash (<b>\</b>), as shown above. </p> </div> <p> Unlike <a href="#pspic">PSPIC</a>, which it resembles, PDF_IMAGE requires that the pdf image’s dimensions (the bounding box, <a href="#bounding-box">see below</a>) be supplied each time it’s called. </p> <p> The first optional argument tells mom how to align the image horizontally, with <kbd>-L</kbd>, <kbd>-C</kbd>, and <kbd>-R</kbd> standing for left, centre and right respectively. If you need more precise placement, the <kbd>-I</kbd> argument allows you to give an indent from the left margin. Thus, to indent a PDF image 6 <a href="definitions.html#picaspoints">picas</a> from the left margin <br/> <span class="pre-in-pp"> .PDF_IMAGE -I 6P <remaining arguments> </span> If you omit the first argument, the image will be centred. </p> <p> <kbd><pdf image></kbd> must be in PDF format, with a .pdf extension. If it is not, mom will abort with a message. See <a href="#pdf">here</a> for instructions on converting image formats to PDF. </p> <p id="bounding-box"> <kbd><width></kbd> and <kbd><height></kbd> are the dimensions of the image’s bounding box. The most reliable way of getting the bounding box is with the utility, <strong>pdfinfo</strong>: <br/> <span class="pre-in-pp"> pdfinfo <image.pdf> | grep "Page *size" </span> This will spit out a line that looks like this: <br/> <span class="pre-in-pp"> Page size: width x height pts </span> <kbd>pts</kbd> means <a href="definitions.html#picaspoints">points</a>, therefore the unit of measure appended to <kbd><width></kbd> and <kbd><height></kbd> must be <kbd>p</kbd>. </p> <p> The remaining arguments are optional and may be entered in any order, although it’s best to put <kbd>CAPTION</kbd>, <kbd>SHORT_CAPTION</kbd>, and <kbd>LABEL</kbd> last. </p> <h5 class="docs" style="margin-top: 1em; text-transform: none">'SCALE'</h5> <p> <kbd>SCALE</kbd> allows you to scale the image by <kbd><factor></kbd>. The factor is a percentage of the image’s original dimensions, thus <kbd>SCALE 50</kbd> scales the image to 50 percent of its original size. No percent sign or unit of measure should be appended. </p> <h5 class="docs" style="margin-top: 1em; text-transform: none">'ADJUST'</h5> <p> <kbd>ADJUST</kbd> lets you raise (<kbd>+</kbd>) or lower (<kbd>-</kbd>) the image <span style="font-style: italic">within the space allotted for it</span> by the amount you specify. This is useful for achieving good optical centering between surrounding blocks of type. A unit of measure is required. </p> <div class="box-tip"> <p class="tip-top"> <span class="note">Tip:</span> You may sometimes find that a PDF_IMAGE at the bottom of a page doesn’t sit flush on the bottom margin, however attempts to lower it by adding space beforehand result in it being deferred to the next page. </p> <p class="tip-bottom"> The solution is to introduce <i>negative</i> space before the image so that it displays on the page, then lower it to the bottom margin with PDF_IMAGE’s ADJUST argument. </p> </div> <h5 class="docs" style="margin-top: 1em; text-transform: none">'NO_SHIM'</h5> <p> <kbd>NO_SHIM</kbd> instructs mom not to apply <a href="docprocessing.html#shim-vs-flex">shimming</a> after an image, which she will do automatically when shimming is enabled, which it is by default. Shimming ensures that running text after the image falls properly on the page’s <a href="definitions.html#baseline-grid">baseline grid</a>, but can result in slightly unequal spacing above and below (correctible with the <kbd>ADJUST</kbd> argument). <kbd>NO_SHIM</kbd> is useful when you have several images on the page and there are visible differences in the spacing beneath them as a result of shimming. To ensure a flush bottom margin, the last image on the page should be shimmed, ie should not be given the <kbd>NO_SHIM</kbd> argument. </p> <h5 class="docs" style="margin-top: 1em; text-transform: none">'NO_FLEX'</h5> <p> <kbd>NO_FLEX</kbd> instructs mom not to apply <a href="docprocessing.html#shim-vs-flex">flex-spacing</a> after an image, which she will do automatically when flex-spacing is enabled. <kbd>NO_FLEX</kbd> is useful when you have several images on the page and you want to distribute excess vertical whitespace on the page amongst other flex-spacing points on the page. If there are no others, the final image should be flex-spaced, ie not given the <kbd>NO_FLEX</kbd> argument. </p> <h5 class="docs" style="margin-top: 1em; text-transform: none">'FRAME'</h5> <p> <kbd>FRAME</kbd> instructs mom to put a frame around the image. Parameters for the frame are set with <a href="#pdf-image-frame">PDF_IMAGE_FRAME</a>. </p> <h5 class="docs" style="margin-top: 1em; text-transform: none">'CAPTION'</h5> <p> <kbd>CAPTION</kbd> allows you to give the image a caption. By default, the caption appears above the image, but may be attached to the label that appears beneath the image. See <a href="#caption-after-label">CAPTION_AFTER_LABEL</a> in <a href="#captions-and-labels">Captions and labels</a>. The text of the caption must be surrounded by double-quotes. </p> <h5 class="docs" style="margin-top: 1em; text-transform: none">'SHORT_CAPTION'</h5> <p> <kbd>SHORT_CAPTION</kbd> allows you to trim long captions for inclusion in the List of Figures. The text you supply, surrounded by double-quotes, is what will appear in the List. </p> <h5 class="docs" style="margin-top: 1em; text-transform: none">'LABEL'</h5> <p> <kbd>LABEL</kbd>, if given, appears beneath the image. The text you supply, surrounded by double-quotes, is how the image is labelled in both the document proper and the List of Figures. Mom provides an auto-labelling facility for images (see <a href="#autolabel">AUTOLABEL</a>), which, if enabled, overrides the <kbd>LABEL</kbd> argument. </p> <h5 class="docs" style="margin-top: 1em; text-transform: none">'TARGET'</h5> <p> <kbd>TARGET</kbd> followed by a unique name surrounded by double-quotes creates a PDF target for the image so that it may be linked to from other places in the file (with PDF_LINK; see <a href="version-2.html#mom-pdf">Producing PDFs with groff and mom</a>). </p> <p> When <a href="#autolabel">autolabelling</a> is enabled and the document is processed with <a href="using.html#pdfmom" style="font-weight: bold">pdfmom</a>, the target name can be used to generate the target’s label number in running text if it is entered as a groff string, ie of the form <kbd>\*[name]</kbd>. For example, if you create a target named “foo” for a pdf image whose autolabel number would be 3, entering <br/> <span class="pre-in-pp"> See .PDF_LINK foo "Figure \*[foo]" </span> anywhere in running text would result in a pdf link that reads “Figure 3”. If chapter numbers are being prefixed to labels, the same string in, say, chapter 5 would produce the pdf link “Figure 5.3”. </p> <p> Remember that mom files with embedded PDF images must be processed with <br/> <span class="pre-in-pp"> pdfmom doc.mom > doc.pdf </span> </p> <div class="box-tip"> <p class="tip-top"> <span class="note">Note: Version 2.0-c change</span> <br/> Mom now treats all pdf images identically to <a href="#floats-intro">floats</a>, which is to say that if an image doesn’t fit on the output page, she will defer it to the top of the next page while continuing to process <a href="definitions.html#running">running text</a>. <kbd>ADJUST</kbd> is ignored whenever an image is the first to be deferred, except when moving from column to column on the same page, when the image may need to be optically adjusted. Subsequent images that do not fit, if any, are output in order immediately after the first. </p> <p class="tip-bottom"> Prior to 2.0-c, it was recommended that images be wrapped inside <a href="#float">FLOAT</a>, but this is now no longer required, and should, in fact, be avoided. </p> </div> <!-- -PDF_IMAGE_FRAME- --> <div class="macro-id-overline"> <h3 id="pdf-image-frame" class= "macro-id">PDF_IMAGE_FRAME</h3> </div> <div class="box-macro-args"> Macro: <b>PDF_IMAGE_FRAME</b> <kbd class="macro-args"><inset amount> <rule weight> <color></kbd> </div> <p class="requires"> • <span style="font-style: normal"><kbd><inset amount></kbd></span> requires a <a href="definitions.html#unitofmeasure">unit of measure</a>; conversely, <span style="font-style: normal"><kbd><rule weight></kbd></span> must not have a unit of measure appended </p> <p> PDF_IMAGE_FRAME establishes the parameters for subsequent invocations of <a href="#pdf-image">PDF_IMAGE</a> when the <kbd>FRAME</kbd> argument is given. Arguments must appear in order, and any you wish left at the current value should be entered as two adjacent double-quotes. So, for example, <br/> <span class="pre-in-pp"> .PDF_IMAGE_FRAME "" "" blue </span> leaves the inset value and rule weight at their current value and changes the frame colour to blue. <p> Frames are drawn <span class="italic">outside</span> the image at its requested dimensions inclusive of scaling. Colours must be pre-initialized with <a href="color.html#xcolor">XCOLOR</a> or <a href="color.html#newcolor">NEWCOLOR</a>. </p> <p> The default inset is 6 <a href="definitions.html#picaspoints">points</a>, the default rule weight is .5 (points), and the default colour is black. </p> <!-- -PSPIC- --> <div class="macro-id-overline"> <h3 id="pspic" class= "macro-id">PSPIC</h3> </div> <div class="box-macro-args"> Macro: <b>PSPIC</b> <kbd class="macro-args">[ -L | -R | -I <n> ] <file> [ width [ height ] ]</kbd> </div> <p> PSPIC is not actually part of mom, but rather a macro included with every groff installation. <kbd>man groff_tmac</kbd> contains the documentation for PSPIC, but I’ll repeat it here with a few modifications for clarity. </p> <div class="examples-container"> <h3 id="groff-tmac" class="docs" style="margin-top: .5em;">From <span style="text-transform: none">groff_tmac</span></h3> <p style="margin-top: .5em; margin-bottom: .5em;"> <kbd><file></kbd> is the name of the file containing the image; <kbd>width</kbd> and <kbd>height</kbd> give the desired width and height of the image as you wish it to appear within the document. The width and height arguments may have <a href="definitions.html#unitofmeasure">units of measure</a> attached; the default unit of measure is <kbd>i</kbd>. PSPIC will scale the graphic uniformly in the x and y directions so that it is no more than <kbd>width</kbd> wide and <kbd>height</kbd> high. By default, the graphic will be horizontally centred. The <kbd>-L</kbd> and <kbd>-R</kbd> options cause the graphic to be left-aligned and right-aligned, respectively. The <kbd>-I</kbd> option causes the graphic to be indented by <kbd><n></kbd>; the default unit of measure is <kbd>m</kbd> (<a href="definitions.html#em">ems</a>). </p> </div> <p> It is not necessary to pass PSPIC the <kbd><width></kbd> and <kbd><height></kbd> arguments unless you are scaling the image, in which case you will most likely need the original dimensions of the EPS image’s bounding box. These can be found with <br/> <span class="pre-in-pp"> gs -q -dBATCH -dNOPAUSE -sDEVICE=bbox <image file>.pdf 2>&1 \ | grep "%%BoundingBox" | cut -d " " -f4,5 </span> The two digits returned are in <a href="definitions.html#picaspoints">points</a>, therefore the <a href="definitions.html#unitofmeasure">unit of measure</a> <kbd>p</kbd> must be appended to them. </p> <p> Because PSPIC lacks the <kbd>ADJUST</kbd> option offered by <a href="#pdf-image">PDF_IMAGE</a> a certain amount of manual tweaking of the vertical placement of the image will probably be required, typically by using the <a href="typesetting.html#ald">ALD</a> and <a href="typesetting.html#rld">RLD</a> macros. Wrapping the image in a <a href="#float">float</a> and using FLOAT’s <kbd>ADJUST</kbd> option can also be used to correct optical centering. </p> <p> Additionally, non-floated EPS images will almost certainly disrupt the baseline placement of <a href="definitions.html#running">running text</a>. In order to get mom back on track after inserting a non-floated <kbd>.PSPIC</kbd> image, insert the <a href="docprocessing.html#shim">SHIM</a> or <a href="docprocessing.html#flex">FLEX</a> macro afterwards, depending on the <a href="docprocessing.html#vertical-whitespace-management">vertical whitespace management</a> strategy in effect, so that the bottom margin of running text falls where it should. </p> <p> Remember that mom files with embedded EPS images must be processed with <br/> <span class="pre-in-pp"> pdfmom -Tps doc.mom > doc.pdf </span> </p> <div class="box-tip"> <p class="tip"> <span class="note">Please note:</span> <kbd>PSPIC</kbd> does not support <a href="autolabel">autolabelling</a>, labels, captions, or inclusion in the List of Figures. If you wish this functionality, <a href="#converting">convert your images to pdf</a> and use <a href="#pdf-image">PDF_IMAGE</a> instead, then process the file with <a href="using.html#pdfmom" style="font-weight: bold">pdfmom</a> (without the <kbd>-Tps</kbd> option). </p> </div> <div class="rule-medium"><hr/></div> <h2 id="floats-intro" class="docs">Introduction to floats</h2> <p> Non-textual insertions in a document (tables, for example) sometimes do not fit on the output page of a PDF or PostScript document at the place they’re inserted in the input file. It’s necessary, therefore, to defer them to the next page while carrying on with <a href="definitions.html#running">running text</a>. </p> <p> Whenever you need this functionality, mom provides the FLOAT macro. </p> <p> Floats are usually used for images and graphics, but can contain anything you like, including text. Whatever’s in the float will be kept together as a block, output immediately if there’s room, or deferred to the top of the next output page when there isn’t; running text continues to the bottom of the previous page without interruption. </p> <p> In the case of a float that doesn’t fit being followed by one that does, both are deferred and output one after the other. Note that this represents a change from versions 2.1-b_1 and earlier where the second float was output in position and the first was deferred. </p> <p> A key distinction between a float and a <a href="docelement.html#quote">QUOTE</a> or <a href="docelement.html#blockquote">BLOCKQUOTE</a> is that while a float keeps everything together and defers output if necessary, quotes and blockquotes are output immediately, and may start on one page and finish on the next. </p> <p> Floats always deposit a break before they begin, which means the line beforehand will not be <a href="definitions.html#filled">filled</a>. Floats, therefore, cannot be inserted in the middle of a paragraph without studying the output file and determining where to break or <a href="typesetting.html#spread">spread</a> the line before the float. Furthermore, if you want a float between paragraphs, the float should come before <kbd>.PP</kbd>, like this: <br/> <span class="pre-in-pp"> .FLOAT ... .FLOAT OFF .PP </span> not <br/> <span class="pre-in-pp"> .PP .FLOAT ... .FLOAT OFF </span> </p> <p id="float-spacing"> Floats begin on the baseline immediately below the running text preceding them. No additional whitespace surrounds them, above or below. Running text below a float is, however, <a href="docprocessing.html#shim">shimmed</a> or <a href="docprocessing.html#flex">flex-spaced</a>, depending on the <a href="docprocessing.html#vertical-whitespace-management">vertical whitespace management</a> strategy in effect. This behaviour can be disabled for individual floats with <kbd>NO_SHIM</kbd> or <kbd>NO_FLEX</kbd>. </p> <p> If you’d like more space around a float, you must add it manually, for example with <a href="typesetting.html#ald">ALD</a> or <a href="typesetting.html#space">SPACE</a>. </p> <!-- -FLOAT- --> <div class="macro-id-overline"> <h3 id="float" class= "macro-id">FLOAT</h3> </div> <div class="box-macro-args"> Macro: <b>FLOAT</b> <kbd class="macro-args">[ ADJUST +|-<amount> ] [ FORCE ] [ SPAN ] [ INDENT <value> ] [ CENTER ] [ RIGHT ] [ NO_SHIM] [ NO_FLEX ] | TARGET "<name>" | <anything></kbd> </div> <div class="box-tip"> <p class="tip"> <span class="note">Note:</span> FLOAT is intended for use with the document processing macros only. </p> </div> <div class="box-tip"> <p class="tip"> <span class="note">Note:</span> As a general rule, avoid consecutive floats that have no intervening <a href="definitions.html#running">running text</a>. Rather, wrap all the material into a single float. </p> </div> <div class="box-tip"> <p class="tip"> <span class="note">Note:</span> Deferred floats are output with the left indent that was in effect when they were input. If you do not want this behaviour, disable the indent prior to inputting the float and re-enable it afterward. </p> </div> <div class="box-tip"> <p class="tip"> <span class="note">Note:</span> Mom treats <b>pic</b> pre-processor directives and pdf images as floats so it is not necessary to wrap them inside FLOAT unless additional material is included in what is floated. </p> </div> <p style="margin-top: -.5em"> To begin a float, simply invoke <kbd>.FLOAT</kbd> and follow it with whatever you want the float to contain. When you’re done, invoke <kbd>.FLOAT OFF</kbd> (or <kbd>QUIT, END, X</kbd>, etc). </p> <h5 class="docs" style="margin-top: 1em; text-transform: none">'ADJUST'</h5> <p> The optional <kbd>ADJUST</kbd> argument tells mom to raise (<kbd>+</kbd>) or lower (<kbd>-</kbd>) the float <i>within the space allotted to it</i> by the specified amount. <kbd><amount></kbd> must have a <a href="definitions.html#unitofmeasure">unit of measure</a> appended. <kbd>ADJUST</kbd> gives you precise control over the vertical centering of floats, allowing you to compensate for unequal spacing that may result of from the automatic <a href="docprocessing.html#shim">shimming</a> or <a href="docprocessing.html#flex">flex-spacing</a> floats. </p> <p> <kbd>ADJUST</kbd> is ignored for the first float deferred to a following page but respected for subsequent deferred floats output immediately afterward. </p> <h5 class="docs" style="margin-top: 1em; text-transform: none">'FORCE'</h5> <p> The <kbd>FORCE</kbd> argument instructs mom to output the float exactly where it occurs in the input file. With <kbd>FORCE</kbd>, mom immediately breaks to a new page to output the float if it does not fit on the current page. While this is somewhat contrary to the notion of floats (ie that running text should continue to fill the page), there are circumstances where it may be desirable. </p> <p> If you need to force a page break after completion of a float that has been deferred to a subsequent page, insert <kbd>\!.bp</kbd> immediately before terminating the float. </p> <h5 class="docs" style="margin-top: 1em; text-transform: none">'SPAN'</h5> <p> The <kbd>SPAN</kbd> argument tells mom that a float, if deferred, may carry onto multiple pages. Please note that <kbd>SPAN</kbd> may not be used for floats containing a boxed table; mom will abort with a warning should this occur. Unboxed tables, on the other hand, are acceptable within floats that are given the <kbd>SPAN</kbd> argument. </p> <h5 class="docs" style="margin-top: 1em; text-transform: none">'INDENT'</h5> <p> <kbd>INDENT</kbd> allows you to indent a float from the left margin by a specified value. The value must have a (<a href="definitions.html#unitofmeasure">unit of measure</a> appended to it. </p> <h5 class="docs" style="margin-top: 1em; text-transform: none">'CENTER'</h5> <p> <kbd>CENTER</kbd> instructs mom to center a float if it is not already centered by default. </p> <h5 class="docs" style="margin-top: 1em; text-transform: none">'RIGHT'</h5> <p> <kbd>RIGHT</kbd> instructs mom to place a float a the right of the page; the longest line in the float will be flush with the page's right margin. </p> <h5 class="docs" style="margin-top: 1em; text-transform: none">'NO_SHIM'</h5> <p> <kbd>NO_SHIM</kbd> instructs mom not to apply <a href="docprocessing.html#shim-vs-flex">shimming</a> after a float, which she will do automatically when shimming is enabled, which it is by default. Shimming ensures that running text after the float falls properly on the page’s <a href="definitions.html#baseline-grid">baseline grid</a>, but can result in slightly unequal spacing above and below (correctible with the <kbd>ADJUST</kbd> argument). <kbd>NO_SHIM</kbd> is useful when you have several floats on the page and there are visible differences in the spacing beneath them as a result of shimming. To ensure a flush bottom margin, the last float on the page should be shimmed, ie should not be given the <kbd>NO_SHIM</kbd> argument. </p> <h5 class="docs" style="margin-top: 1em; text-transform: none">'NO_FLEX'</h5> <p> <kbd>NO_FLEX</kbd> instructs mom not to apply <a href="docprocessing.html#shim-vs-flex">flex-spacing</a> after a float, which she will do automatically when flex-spacing is enabled. <kbd>NO_FLEX</kbd> is useful when you have several floats on the page and you want to distribute excess vertical whitespace on the page amongst other flex-spacing points on the page. If there are no others, the final float should be flex-spaced, ie not given the <kbd>NO_FLEX</kbd> argument. </p> <h5 class="docs" style="margin-top: 1em; text-transform: none">'TARGET'</h5> <p> <kbd>TARGET</kbd> followed by a unique name surrounded by double-quotes creates a PDF target for the float so that it may be linked to from other places in the file (with PDF_LINK; see <a href="version-2.html#mom-pdf">Producing PDFs with groff and mom</a>). </p> <p> Floats cannot be autolabelled, so unlike pdf images and pre-processor material, the target name cannot be used as a string to generate the target’s label number in running text. Label numbers for floats must be entered explicitly running text, however they may be entered symbolically in the argument to <a href="#label">LABEL</a>. See <a href="#reserved-label-strings">Reserved variables for labels</a>. </p> <div class="box-tip"> <p class="tip-top"> <span class="note">Note:</span> Floats use <a href="definitions.html#filled">no-fill mode</a>, with each input line beginning at the left margin. If this is not what you want, you must specify the preferred horizontal alignment <i>within the float</i> (e.g., <a href="typesetting.html#lrc">CENTER</a> or <a href="typesetting.html#lrc">RIGHT</a>). </p> <p class="tip-bottom"> Furthermore, if you want text <a href="definitions.html#filled">filled</a>, you must specify <a href="typesetting.html#quad"><kbd>.QUAD L|R|C</kbd></a> or <a href="typesetting.html#justify"><kbd>.JUSTIFY</kbd></a>—again, within the float. </p> </div> <h2 id="float-label-caption" class="docs">Labelling and captioning floats</h2> <p> Labelling and captioning of tables (<b>tbl</b>), equations (<b>eq</b>), diagrams (<b>pic</b>) and pdf images (<a href="#pdf-image">PDF_IMAGE</a>) are handled by the macros that initiate them, regardless of whether they’re wrapped inside a float. However, since a float may contain any valid input, it is sometimes necessary to add a label and/or caption to the float itself. </p> <div class="box-tip"> <p class="tip"> <span class="important">Important:</span> Always use the native labelling/captioning facilities for preprocessor output and pdf images rather than labelling the containing float, if any. </p> </div> <p> The macros to label and caption floats are <a href="#label">LABEL</a> and <a href="#caption">CAPTION</a>. If a label or caption is to appear above the float, the appropriate macro is entered immediately after <a href="#float">FLOAT</a>. If a label or caption is to appear beneath the float, the appropriate macro is entered immediately before ending the float with <kbd>FLOAT OFF</kbd>. </p> <p> If a label and caption are to be joined, the <b>LABEL</b> macro is used to enter both by passing the <kbd>CAPTION</kbd> argument to <kbd>LABEL</kbd>. </p> <p> It is impossible for mom to know the contents of a float, so floats cannot be autolabelled. Each label must be entered explicitly. Mom does, however, provide a way to enter both chapter numbers and incrementing label numbers <a href="#reserved-label-strings">symbolically</a>, easing the burden of keeping the numbering scheme intact as labelled floats are added to or subtracted from a document. </p> <div class="box-tip"> <p class="tip"> <span class="note">Tip:</span> <a href="docelement.html#blockquote">QUOTE</a> and <a href="docelement.html#blockquote">BLOCKQUOTE</a> may also be labelled and captioned using <b>LABEL</b> and <b>CAPTION</b>. </p> </div> <h4 class="docs">Spacing</h4> <p> If a float has a caption at the top, the caption is whitespaced 1/4 linespace from running text and the float itself begins an additional 1/4 linespace below the caption. If the float has no corresponding label at the bottom, the float observes the bottom-spacing rules for all floats, namely that no extra space is added other than <a href="docprocessing.html#shim">shimming</a> or <a href="docprocessing.html#shim-vs-flex">flex-spacing</a>, depending on the <a href="docprocessing.html#vertical-whitespace-management">vertical whitespace management</a> in effect. </p> <p> If a float has a label at the bottom but no caption at the top, the float begins exactly where started, i.e. with no extra whitespace between running text and the float. The label (and attached caption, if any) are whitespaced 1/4 linespace below the float, with an additional 1/4 linespace underneath <i>plus</i> shimming or flex-spacing. </p> <p> Labelled/captioned quotes and blockquotes inside floats treat the labels/captions as part of the quote so the spacing above and below the whole float block is what you’d expect from quotes normally, while the spacing between the label/caption and the quote is 1/4 linespace. </p> <div class="macro-id-overline"> <h3 id="label" class="macro-id">LABEL</h3> </div> <div class="box-macro-args"> Macro: <b>LABEL</b></a> <kbd class="macro-args">"<label>" [ CAPTION "<caption>" ] [ SHORT_CAPTION ] \ <br/> [ TO_LIST FIGURES | TABLES | EQUATIONS ]</kbd> </div> <p> The placement of a float’s label depends on where you put it inside the float. </p> <p> If you want a label at the top, put <kbd>LABEL</kbd> immediately underneath <a href="#float">FLOAT</a> and follow it with the text of the label surrounded by double-quotes: <br/> <span class="pre-in-pp"> .FLOAT .LABEL "Fig. 1" </span> If you want a label at the bottom, put <kbd>LABEL</kbd> immediately before ending the float: <br/> <span class="pre-in-pp"> .FLOAT <contents of float> .LABEL "Fig. 1" .FLOAT OFF </span> </p> <h3 id="reserved-label-strings" class="docs" style="text-transform: none">Reserved variables for labels</h3> <p> Mom reserves strings you may use when entering label text after the <kbd>LABEL</kbd> argument. <kbd>\*[chapter]</kbd> holds the current chapter or major section number. <kbd>\*[fig-label]</kbd>, <kbd>\*[tbl-label]</kbd>, and <kbd>\*[eqn-label]</kbd> increment the label number of the appropriate label type by one, and are initially set to zero after each invocation of <a href="docprocessing.html#start">START</a> when the <a href="docprocessing.html#doctype">DOCTYPE</a> is <kbd>CHAPTER</kbd>. Thus, in every chapter requiring numbered float labels, you can enter <br/> <span class="pre-in-pp"> .LABEL "Fig. \*[chapter].\*[fig-label]. TO_LIST FIGURES </span> which, assuming the third autolabelled float of Chapter 2, will produce <kbd>Fig. 2.3.</kbd> </p> <p> If your <b>DOCTYPE</b> is <kbd>DEFAULT</kbd> or <kbd>NAMED</kbd>, you must reset <kbd>\*[<type>-label]</kbd> after each <a href="docprocessing.html#collate">COLLATE</a> by entering <br/> <span class="pre-in-pp"> .AUTOLABEL_<list type> </span> before <kbd>.START</kbd>. </p> <p> If <a href="#autolabel">autolabelling</a> is enabled, e.g., <kbd>.AUTOLABEL_IMAGES</kbd> (List of Figures) or <kbd>.AUTOLABEL_PIC</kbd> (also List of Figures), the prefix is stripped from the label when it appears in the List. Thus, if you have invoked <kbd>.AUTOLABEL_PIC</kbd>, <br/> <span class="pre-in-pp"> .LABEL "Fig. 1.1." CAPTION "Caption for label \ TO_LIST FIGURES </span> or <br/> <span class="pre-in-pp"> .LABEL "Fig. \*[chapter].\*[label]." \ CAPTION "Caption for label \ TO_LIST FIGURES </span> will appear in the List of Figures as “1.1. Caption for label”. </p> <h3 class="docs">CAPTION</h3> <p> If you’d like a caption attached to the label, pass <kbd>LABEL</kbd> the optional argument <kbd>CAPTION</kbd> followed by the text of the caption as a single string surrounded by double-quotes: <br/> <span class="pre-in-pp"> .FLOAT <contents of float> .LABEL "Fig. 1" CAPTION "Caption for Fig. 1" .FLOAT OFF </span> Note that the <a href="#caption">CAPTION</a> macro by itself permits entering several strings, each output on a line by itself, whereas the <kbd>CAPTION</kbd> argument to <kbd>LABEL</kbd> accepts only a single string. </p> <h3 class="docs">SHORT_CAPTION</h3> <p> If your caption runs long and you’re including the float in a “List of ...”, (see <a href="#list-of">TO_LIST</a>, below) <kbd>SHORT_CAPTION</kbd> tells mom how you’d like the caption to appear in the List. </p> <h3 class="docs">TO_LIST</h3> <p> The optional argument <kbd>TO_LIST</kbd> tells mom to add the float’s label and attached caption, if present, to the specified <a href="#lists-of">list</a>, which may be one of <kbd>FIGURES</kbd>, <kbd>TABLES</kbd>, or <kbd>EQUATIONS</kbd>. </p> <p> If, for some reason, you want only the caption appended to the List, give <kbd>\&</kbd> as the first argument to LABEL, followed by <kbd>CAPTION “caption”</kbd>: <br/> <span class="pre-in-pp"> .LABEL \& \ CAPTION "caption" </p> <div class="box-tip"> <p class="tip-top"> <span class="note">Tip:</span> <kbd>TO_LIST</kbd> can be used to handle situations where labelled floats need to go to a uniquely named “List of ...”. </p> <p class="tip-bottom"> Suppose, for example, your document contains figures (e.g. <b>pic</b> output or pdf-images) and tables, and you need a “List of Examples” for floats labelled “Example n.n”. By changing the default title string for <a href="#lists-macros">LIST_OF_EQUATIONS</a> to “List of Examples”, you may include the float in your List of Examples with <br/> <span class="pre-in-pp"> .TO_FIGURES EQUATIONS </p> </div> <div class="macro-id-overline"> <h3 id="caption" class="macro-id">CAPTION</h3> </div> <div class="box-macro-args"> Macro: <b>CAPTION</b></a> <kbd class="macro-args">"<caption>" \ <br/> [ "<additional line>" [ "<additional line>"... ] ] \ <br/> [ TO_LIST FIGURES | TABLES | EQUATIONS ]</kbd> </div> <p> The placement of a float’s caption depends on where you put it inside the float. </p> <p> If you want a caption at the top, put <kbd>CAPTIO</kbd> immediately underneath <a href="#float">FLOAT</a> and follow it with the text of the caption surrounded by double-quotes: <br/> <span class="pre-in-pp"> .FLOAT .CAPTION "Caption at top of float" </span> <b>CAPTION</b> can take multiple string arguments, allowing for captions that run to several lines. There is a caveat: the strings are not automatically broken into individual lines. You must provide strings that include literal breaks or spaces: <br/> <span class="pre-in-pp"> .FLOAT .CAPTION "Caption" ".BR" "at top" ".BR" "of float" </span> or, easier to read: <br/> <span class="pre-in-pp"> .FLOAT .CAPTION "Caption" \ ".BR" \ "at top" \ ".BR" \ "of float" </span> If you want a caption at the bottom, put <kbd>CAPTION</kbd> immediately before ending the float: <br/> <span class="pre-in-pp"> .FLOAT <contents of float> .CAPTION "Caption at bottom of float" .FLOAT OFF </span> </p> <div class="box-tip"> <p class="tip"> <span class="note">Note:</span> If you want a caption attached to a label, do not use <b>CAPTION</b> by itself. Rather, invoke <a href="#label"><kbd>.LABEL</kbd></a> with the <kbd>CAPTION</kbd> argument. </p> </div> <div class="rule-medium"><hr/></div> <h2 id="preprocessor-support" class="docs">Preprocessor support</h2> <p> Mom offers full support for the <b>eqn</b> (equations), <b>pic</b> (diagrams), <b>tbl</b> (tables), and <b>refer</b> (bibliographies/citations) preprocessors, including captions, labelling, autolabelling, and inclusion in the Lists of Equations, Figures, and Tables. </p> <p> Other than <b>refer</b>, which is discussed at length in the <a href="refer.html">Bibliographies and references</a> section, it is beyond the scope of this documentation to cover full preprocessor usage. Consult the manpages <b>eqn(1)</b>, <b>pic(1)</b>, and <b>tbl(1)</b> for instructions. </p> <div class="box-tip"> <p class="tip"> <span class="note">Version 2.0-c changes</span> <br/> Preprocessor support has been revised and expanded as of version 2.0-c. Please read the following sections thoroughly and update any documents created with versions prior to 2.0-c as necessary. </p> </div> <h3 id="tbl" class="docs">tbl support</h3> <p> Mom documents can include tables generated with the groff preprocessor, <b>tbl</b>. If you are unfamiliar with <b>tbl</b>, I recommend downloading a copy of <a href="http://plan9.bell-labs.com/10thEdMan/tbl.pdf">Tbl - A Program to Format Tables</a>, which, in addition to providing a thorough introduction, contains some fine examples. If you use <b>tbl</b>, you must pass groff or pdfmom the <b>-t</b> flag when you process the file. </p> <p> Tables formatted with <kbd>tbl</kbd> begin with the macro <kbd>.TS</kbd> (<b>T</b>able <b>S</b>tart) and end with <kbd>.TE</kbd> (<b>T</b>able <b>E</b>nd). Depending on where you want your tables output in a document, you may need to wrap your <kbd>tbl</kbd> code inside a <a href="#floats-intro">float</a>, or pass the <kbd>H</kbd> argument to <kbd>.TS</kbd>. </p> <p> If you put <kbd>tbl</kbd> code inside a float, the table will be output immediately if it fits on the page, or deferred to the top of the next page if it doesn’t. If you prefer a table to begin where you say and span over to the next page, or if you know for certain a boxed table will run to multiple pages, simply pass the <kbd>H</kbd> argument to <kbd>.TS</kbd>, along with a corresponding <a href="#th"><kbd>TH</kbd></a> and do not wrap the table inside a float. </p> <div class="box-tip"> <p class="tip"> <span class="note">Note:</span> If you create a boxed table that will span several pages, do not wrap the table inside a float. Boxed, multipage tables and FLOAT should be considered mutually exclusive. This restriction is imposed by the <kbd>tbl</kbd> preprocessor itself, not groff or mom. Unboxed tables that span several pages, however, are acceptable within FLOAT. </p> </div> <h4 id="tbl-placement" class="docs">tbl placement in mom docs</h4> <p> If you use <kbd>.TS</kbd> without the <kbd>H</kbd> argument (and therefore no <kbd>.TH</kbd>), tables that fit on the page are output in position. If there is not enough room to output the table, <kbd>tbl</kbd> will abort with message instructing you to use <kbd>.TS H/.TH</kbd>. Given that <kbd>.TS</kbd> without <kbd>H</kbd> may sometimes fail, it is advisable to begin all <b>tbl</b> blocks with <kbd>.TS H</kbd>. </p> <p> If you give <kbd>.TS</kbd> the <kbd>H</kbd> argument (with a corresponding <kbd>.TH</kbd>), tables will be output in position and span as many pages as necessary to complete output. A table header will be printed at the top of each page’s table output. In the event that there is not enough room to print the table header and at least one row of table data near the bottom of a page, mom will break to a new page before beginning table output, leaving a blank in <a href="definitions.html#running">running text</a>. </p> <p> Boxed tables inside <a href="#floats-intro">floats</a> are output in position if they fit on the page. If not, they are deferred to the top of the next page without a break in running text. Boxed tables within floats may not, however, span multiple pages; mom will abort with a message should a boxed table in a float run longer than the page. </p> <p> Unboxed tables inside floats may span multiple pages provided the <kbd>SPAN</kbd> argument has been given to <a href="#float">FLOAT</a>. </p> <div class="box-tip"> <p class="tip"> <span class="note">Note:</span> The vertical spacing around unfloated tables may appear slightly unequal, especially if there are several tables on the page. This is a result of the <a href="docprocessing.html#shim">shimming</a> or <a href="docprocessing.html#flex">flex-spacing</a> that mom applies automatically after each table, depending on which <a href="docprocessing.html#vertical-whitespace-management">vertical whitespace management</a> is in effect. You may disable shimming or flex-spacing with <a href="docprocessing.html#no-shim">NO_SHIM</a> or <a href="docprocessing.html#no-flex">NO_FLEX</a>, or by passing the <kbd>NO_SHIM</kbd> or <kbd>NO_FLEX</kbd> argument to <kbd>.TS</kbd>. In either case, you will still likely want to adjust the spacing around with table with the <kbd>AJUST</kbd> argument to <kbd>.TS</kbd>. Tables inside floats should be adjusted with the <kbd>ADJUST</kbd> argument to <a href="#float">FLOAT</a>, not the <kbd>ADJUST</kbd> argument to <kbd>.TS</kbd>. </p> </div> <div class="macro-id-overline"> <h3 id="ts-te" class= "macro-id">.TS / .TH / .TE</h3> </div> <div class="box-macro-args"> Macro: <a href="#ts"><b>TS</b></a> <kbd class="macro-args"><br/> Arguments: <br/> [ H ] <br/> [ BOXED ] <br/> [ CENTER ] <br/> [ NEEDS ] <br/> [ ADJUST +|-<vertical adjustment>]</kbd> <span style="font-size: 95%"> (<a href="definitions.html#unitofmeasure">unit of measure</a> required) </span> <kbd class="macro-args"><br/> [ NO_SHIM ] <br/> [ NO_FLEX ] <br/> [ CAPTION "<caption>" ] <br/> [ SHORT_CAPTION "<short caption>" ] <br/> [ LABEL "<label>" ] <br/> [ TARGET "<name>" ] </kbd> <br/> Macro: <a href="#th"><b>TH</b></a> <kbd class="macro-args">(optional, only if .TS H)</kbd> <br/> Macro: <a href="#te"><b>TE</b></a> <kbd class="macro-args">[ SOURCE "<text of table source>" ] </div> <p> Tables to be formatted with <kbd>tbl</kbd> begin with the macro <kbd>.TS</kbd> and end with <kbd>.TE</kbd>. Global <kbd>tbl</kbd> options (“flags”), formatting, and data (per <kbd>tbl(1)</kbd>) come between the two macros. <br/> <span class="pre-in-pp"> .TS <tbl options, formatting, and data> .TE </span> Tables may be wrapped inside a <a href="#float-intro">float</a>, in which case, the entire table will be output on the current page if it fits, or deferred to the next page if it doesn’t. <br/> <span class="pre-in-pp"> .FLOAT .TS <tbl options, formatting, and data> .TE .FLOAT OFF </span> </p> <div class="macro-id-overline"> <h4 id="ts" class="docs" style="font-size: 100%; margin-top: .5em">The .TS macro</h4> </div> <div class="box-tip"> <p class="tip"> <span class="note">Note: Version 2.0-c change</span> <br/> 2.0-c introduces revisions to the handling of labels and/or captions, which, along with <kbd>NO_SHIM</kbd>, must now be given as arguments to <kbd>.TS</kbd> rather than <kbd>.TE</kbd>, as was the case formerly. Please read this section carefully if you have documents containing tables as they may need to be updated. </p> </div> <div class="box-important" style="margin-top: 1em"> <p class="tip"> <span class="important">IMPORTANT:</span> All arguments to <b>TS</b> must appear on the same line as <kbd>.TS</kbd>. Do not attempt to break them up with the “line-continued” backslash. You may want to set your text editor to “wrap” mode in order to see all your arguments. This annoyance stems from the preprocessor mechanism itself, not groff or mom. </p> </div> <p> The <b>TS</b> macro must be invoked before entering a <kbd>tbl</kbd> block. You may give as many or as few of its arguments as required, in any order, although it is advisable to put <kbd>CAPTION</kbd>, <kbd>SHORT_CAPTION</kbd>, and/or <kbd>LABEL</kbd> last. </p> <h5 id="h" class="docs" style="margin-top: 1em; text-transform: none">'H'</h5> <p> With the <b>H</b> argument, a table will span as many pages as necessary, with or without a running header. The placement of the corresponding <a href="#th"><kbd>.TH</kbd></a>, which is required whenever the <b>H</b> argument is given, determines what, if anything, goes in the header. Compare the following: <span class="pre-in-pp"> .TS H .TS H c s s c s s c s s c s s c c c c c c n n n. n n n. Percent Increase .TH 2002-2012 Percent Increase .TH 2002-2012 <tbl data> <tbl data> .TE .TE </span> The first example will create a table that spans multiple pages if necessary, with a running header (“Percent Increase / 2002-2012”) for that table appearing at the top of each page until the table ends. The second example, equally, may run to several pages, but without the running header. See <a href="#th"><b>TH</b></a> for an explanation of <kbd>.TH</kbd> placement. </p> <div id="h-tip" class="box-tip"> <p class="tip"> <span class="note">Tip:</span> Generally speaking, it’s a good idea to get into the habit of using <kbd>.TS H</kbd> all the time, since there are no circumstances under which it fails, whereas <kbd>.TS</kbd> without <kbd>H</kbd> will fail on tables that exceed the page length. </p> </div> <h5 class="docs" style="margin-top: 1em; text-transform: none">'BOXED'</h5> <p> If a table is to be boxed (ie <kbd>tbl</kbd> is given the flags <kbd>'box'</kbd> or <kbd>'allbox'</kbd>) you must pass the argument <kbd>BOXED</kbd> to <kbd>.TS</kbd>, as in this example: <br/> <span class="pre-in-pp"> .TS BOXED allbox; c s s c c c n n n. <tbl data> .TE </span> </p> <h5 class="docs" style="margin-top: 1em; text-transform: none">'CENTER'</h5> <p> If a table is to be centered on the page, (ie <kbd>tbl</kbd> is given the <kbd>'center'</kbd> flag), you must pass the argument <kbd>CENTER</kbd> to <kbd>.TS</kbd>, as in this example, which creates a (possibly) multipage boxed table, centered on the page, with a running header. <span class="pre-in-pp"> .TS H BOXED CENTER allbox center; c s s c s s c c c n n n. Percent Increase 2002-2012 .TH <tbl data> .TE </span> </p> <h5 class="docs" style="margin-top: 1em; text-transform: none">'NEEDS'</h5> <p> If a table is not inside a float and you pass <kbd>.TS </kbd> the <kbd>H</kbd> argument (which you should; see the tip <a href="#h-tip">here</a>), mom begins output immediately where the table occurs in the input file <i>if there is enough room on the output page for the table header plus at least one row of table data</i>. If there isn't enough room, mom breaks to a new page before beginning the table, leaving a gap in <a href="definitions.html#running">running text</a> at the bottom of the previous page. If, for aesthetic reasons, you would prefer that mom require more than one row of table data beneath the header near the bottom of a page, you may increase the number with the <kbd>NEEDS</kbd> argument, followed by the desired number of rows. </p> <h5 class="docs" style="margin-top: 1em; text-transform: none">'ADJUST'</h5> <p> <kbd>ADJUST</kbd> lets you raise (<kbd>+</kbd>) or lower (<kbd>-</kbd>) the table <span style="font-style: italic">within the space allotted for it</span> by the amount you specify. This is useful for achieving good optical centering between surrounding blocks of type. A unit of measure is required. </p> <h5 class="docs" style="margin-top: 1em; text-transform: none">'NO_SHIM'</h5> <p> <kbd>NO_SHIM</kbd> instructs mom not to apply <a href="docprocessing.html#shim-vs-flex">shimming</a> after a table, which she will do automatically when shimming is enabled, which it is by default. Shimming ensures that running text after the table falls properly on the page’s <a href="definitions.html#baseline-grid">baseline grid</a>, but can result in slightly unequal spacing above and below (correctible with the <kbd>ADJUST</kbd> argument). <kbd>NO_SHIM</kbd> is useful when you have several tables on the page and there are visible differences in the spacing beneath them as a result of shimming. To ensure a flush bottom margin, the last table on the page should be shimmed, ie should not be given the <kbd>NO_SHIM</kbd> argument. </p> <h5 class="docs" style="margin-top: 1em; text-transform: none">'NO_FLEX'</h5> <p> <kbd>NO_FLEX</kbd> instructs mom not to apply <a href="docprocessing.html#shim-vs-flex">flex-spacing</a> after a table, which she will do automatically when flex-spacing is enabled. <kbd>NO_FLEX</kbd> is useful when you have several tables on the page and you want to distribute excess vertical whitespace on the page amongst other flex-spacing points on the page. If there are no others, the final table should be flex-spaced, ie not given the <kbd>NO_FLEX</kbd> argument. </p> <h5 class="docs" style="margin-top: 1em; text-transform: none">'CAPTION'</h5> <p> <kbd>CAPTION</kbd> allows you to give the table a caption. By default, the caption appears above the table, but may be attached to the label that appears beneath the table. See <a href="#caption-after-label">CAPTION_AFTER_LABEL</a> in <a href="#captions-and-labels">Captions and labels</a>. The text of the caption must be surrounded by double-quotes. </p> <p> Please note that if your table has a caption, you must invoke <kbd>TS</kbd> with the <kbd>H</kbd> flag, which also entails the use of <a href="#th">TH</a>. </p> <h5 class="docs" style="margin-top: 1em; text-transform: none">'SHORT_CAPTION'</h5> <p> <kbd>SHORT_CAPTION</kbd> allows you to trim long captions for inclusion in the List of Tables. The text you supply, surrounded by double-quotes, is what will appear in the List. </p> <h5 class="docs" style="margin-top: 1em; text-transform: none">'LABEL'</h5> <p> <kbd>LABEL</kbd>, if given, appears beneath the table. The text you supply, surrounded by double-quotes, is how the table is labelled in both the document proper and the List of Tables. Mom provides an auto-labelling facility for tables (see <a href="#autolabel">AUTOLABEL</a>), which, if enabled, overrides the <kbd>LABEL</kbd> argument. </p> <h5 class="docs" style="margin-top: 1em; text-transform: none">'TARGET'</h5> <p> <kbd>TARGET</kbd> followed by a unique name surrounded by double-quotes creates a PDF target for the table so that it may be linked to from other places in the file (with PDF_LINK; see <a href="version-2.html#mom-pdf">Producing PDFs with groff and mom</a>). </p> <p> When <a href="#autolabel">autolabelling</a> is enabled and the document is processed with <a href="using.html#pdfmom" style="font-weight: bold">pdfmom</a>, the target name can be used to generate the target’s label number in running text if it is entered as a groff string, ie of the form <kbd>\*[name]</kbd>. For example, if you create a target called “foo” for a table whose autolabel number would be 3, entering <br/> <span class="pre-in-pp"> See .PDF_LINK foo "Table \*[foo]" </span> anywhere in running text would result in a pdf link that reads “Table 3”. If chapter numbers are being prefixed to labels, the same string in, say, chapter 5 would produce the pdf link “Table 5.3”. </p> <div class="macro-id-overline"> <h4 id="th" class="docs" style="font-size: 100%; margin-top: .5em">The .TH macro</h4> </div> <p> The <b>TH</b> macro (<b>T</b>able <b>H</b>eader), which is required when you begin a table with <kbd>.TS H</kbd>, allows you to determine what goes in a table’s running header if it spans multiple pages. Placing <kbd>.TH</kbd> under the first row of <kbd>tbl</kbd> data makes the first row the header. If placed under the second row, the first and second rows form the header, and so on. </p> <p> As there are sometimes reasons to run <kbd>.TS H</kbd> when you don’t, in fact, want a running header (e.g. when your table has a caption), you can suppress it by placing <kbd>.TH</kbd> immediately underneath your <kbd>tbl</kbd> formatting specifications, the last line of which always ends with a period (see <kbd>tbl(1)</kbd>).</p> </p> <p> See the <kbd><a href="#h">H</a></kbd> argument to <kbd>.TS</kbd> for examples demonstrating <kbd>.TH</kbd> placement. </p> <div class="macro-id-overline"> <h4 id="te" class="docs" style="font-size: 100%; margin-top: .5em">The .TE macro</h4> </div> <p> <kbd>tbl</kbd> blocks must be terminated with <kbd>.TE</kbd>, which, as of version 2.0-c, takes a single, optional argument, <kbd>SOURCE</kbd>. (Formerly, <kbd>TE</kbd> took a label/caption argument along with arguments controlling placement.) The argument is followed by the text of the table’s source, surrounded by double-quotes. The SOURCE argument may only be used if <a href="#mla">MLA</a> (Modern Language Association) style is enabled. </p> <div class="rule-medium"><hr/></div> <h3 id="pic" class="docs">pic support</h3> <p> Mom documents can include diagrams generated with the groff preprocessor, <b>pic</b>. If you are unfamiliar with <b>pic</b>, I recommend downloading a copy of <a href="http://www.kohala.com/start/troff/gpic.raymond.ps">Making Pictures with GNU PIC</a> which provides a thorough introduction and contains many examples. If you use <b>pic</b>, you must pass groff or pdfmom the <b>-p</b> flag when you process the file. </p> <p> Diagrams created with <kbd>pic</kbd> begin with the macro <kbd>.PS</kbd> (<b>P</b>ic <b>S</b>tart) and end with <kbd>.PE</kbd> (<b>P</b>ic <b>E</b>nd). Everything between them is intrepreted by the preprocessor as pic instructions. </p> <p> Pic diagrams are always centered. Note that this represents a change from version 2.0-b of mom, where centering diagrams required passing <kbd>-mpic</kbd> to <b>groff</b> or <a href="using.html#pdfmom" style="font-weight: bold">pdfmom</a> on the command line. </p> <p> In addition, mom treats <b>pic</b> diagrams identically to <a href="#floats-intro">floats</a>, which is to say that if a diagram doesn’t fit on the output page, she will defer it to the top of the next page while continuing to process <a href="definitions.html#running">running text</a>. <kbd>ADJUST</kbd> is ignored whenever a diagram is deferred, except when moving from column to column on the same page, when the diagram may need to be optically adjusted. Subsequent diagrams that do not fit, if any, are output in order immediately after the first. </p> <p> Lastly, if your diagrams contain text, you may set all the type parameters for the text (family, font, size, leading) separately from the <b>pic</b> block with the macro <a href="#pic-text-style">PIC_TEXT_STYLE</a>. If you need to change the type parameters within the block on-the-fly, you must use <b>pic</b>’s native facilities for doing so. </p> <div class="macro-id-overline"> <h3 id="ps-pe" class= "macro-id">.PS / .PE</h3> </div> <div class="box-macro-args"> Macro: <b>PS</b> <kbd class="macro-args"> <br/> Arguments: <br/> [ width ]</kbd> <span style="font-size: 95%">(in inches; no unit of measure required)</span> <kbd class="macro-args"><br/> [ height ]</kbd> <span style="font-size: 95%">(in inches; no unit of measure required)</span> <kbd class="macro-args"><br/> [ ADJUST +|-<vertical adjustment>]</kbd> <span style="font-size: 95%"> (<a href="definitions.html#unitofmeasure">unit of measure</a> required) </span> <kbd class="macro-args"><br/> [ NO_SHIM ] <br/> [ NO_FLEX ] <br/> [ CAPTION "<caption>" ] <br/> [ SHORT_CAPTION "<short caption>" ] <br/> [ LABEL "<label>" ] <br/> [ TARGET "<name>" ] </kbd> <br/> Macro: <b>PE</b> <span style="font-size: 95%">(no arguments; ends the <b>pic</b> block)</span> </div> <div class="box-important" style="margin-top: 1.5em"> <p class="tip"> <span class="important">IMPORTANT:</span> All arguments to <b>PS</b> must appear on the same line as <kbd>.PS</kbd>. Do not attempt to break them up with the “line-continued” backslash. You may want to set your text editor to “wrap” mode in order to see all your arguments. This annoyance stems from the preprocessor mechanism itself, not groff or mom. </p> </div> <h5 class="docs" style="margin-top: 1em; text-transform: none">'width' and 'height'</h5> <p> The <kbd>width</kbd> and <kbd>height</kbd> arguments to <kbd>.PS</kbd> are idiosyncratic owing to the preprocessor itself. If a width argument is supplied, the diagram, but not any text it contains, is scaled to the given width. If a literal width argument of <kbd>0</kbd> (zero) is given and a height argument is supplied, the diagram, but not any text it contains, will be scaled to the requested height. In the case of two non-zero arguments being given, only the height scaling is applied. </p> <h5 class="docs" style="margin-top: 1em; text-transform: none">'ADJUST'</h5> <p> <kbd>ADJUST</kbd> lets you raise (<kbd>+</kbd>) or lower (<kbd>-</kbd>) a diagram <span style="font-style: italic">within the space allotted for it</span> by the amount you specify. This is useful for achieving good optical centering between surrounding blocks of type. A unit of measure is required. </p> <h5 class="docs" style="margin-top: 1em; text-transform: none">'NO_SHIM'</h5> <p> <kbd>NO_SHIM</kbd> instructs mom not to apply <a href="docprocessing.html#shim-vs-flex">shimming</a> after a <b>pic</b> diagrame, which she will do automatically when shimming is enabled, which it is by default. Shimming ensures that running text after the diagrame falls properly on the page’s <a href="definitions.html#baseline-grid">baseline grid</a>, but can result in slightly unequal spacing above and below (correctible with the <kbd>ADJUST</kbd> argument). <kbd>NO_SHIM</kbd> is useful when you have several diagrams on the page and there are visible differences in the spacing beneath them as a result of shimming. To ensure a flush bottom margin, the last diagram on the page should be shimmed, ie should not be given the <kbd>NO_SHIM</kbd> argument. </p> <h5 class="docs" style="margin-top: 1em; text-transform: none">'NO_FLEX'</h5> <p> <kbd>NO_FLEX</kbd> instructs mom not to apply <a href="docprocessing.html#shim-vs-flex">flex-spacing</a> after a <b>pic</b> diagram, which she will do automatically when flex-spacing is enabled. <kbd>NO_FLEX</kbd> is useful when you have several diagrams on the page and you want to distribute excess vertical whitespace on the page amongst other flex-spacing points on the page. If there are no others, the final diagram should be flex-spaced, ie not given the <kbd>NO_FLEX</kbd> argument. </p> <h5 class="docs" style="margin-top: 1em; text-transform: none">'CAPTION'</h5> <p> <kbd>CAPTION</kbd> allows you to give the diagram a caption. By default, the caption appears above the diagram, but may be attached to the label that appears beneath it. See <a href="#caption-after-label">CAPTION_AFTER_LABEL</a> in <a href="#captions-and-labels">Captions and labels</a>. The text of the caption must be surrounded by double-quotes. </p> <h5 class="docs" style="margin-top: 1em; text-transform: none">'SHORT_CAPTION'</h5> <p> <kbd>SHORT_CAPTION</kbd> allows you to trim long captions for inclusion in the List of Figures. The text you supply, surrounded by double-quotes, is what will appear in the List. </p> <h5 class="docs" style="margin-top: 1em; text-transform: none">'LABEL'</h5> <p> <kbd>LABEL</kbd>, if given, appears beneath the diagram. The text you supply, surrounded by double-quotes, is how the diagram is labelled in both the document proper and the List of Figures. Mom provides an auto-labelling facility for diagrams (see <a href="#autolabel">AUTOLABEL</a>), which, if enabled, overrides the <kbd>LABEL</kbd> argument. </p> <h5 class="docs" style="margin-top: 1em; text-transform: none">'TARGET'</h5> <p> <kbd>TARGET</kbd> followed by a unique name surrounded by double-quotes creates a PDF target for the diagram so that it may be linked to from other places in the file (with PDF_LINK; see <a href="version-2.html#mom-pdf">Producing PDFs with groff and mom</a>). </p> <p> When <a href="#autolabel">autolabelling</a> is enabled and the document is processed with <a href="using.html#pdfmom" style="font-weight: bold">pdfmom</a>, the target name can be used to generate the target’s label number in running text if it is entered as a groff string, ie of the form <kbd>\*[name]</kbd>. For example, if you create a target called “foo” for a diagram whose autolabel number would be 3, entering <br/> <span class="pre-in-pp"> See .PDF_LINK foo "Figure \*[foo]" </span> anywhere in running text would result in a pdf link that reads “Figure 3”. If chapter numbers are being prefixed to labels, the same string in, say, chapter 5 would produce the pdf link “Figure 5.3”. </p> <!---PIC_TEXT_STYLE---> <div class="macro-id-overline"> <h3 id="pic-text-style" class= "macro-id">PIC_TEXT_STYLE</h3> </div> <div class="box-macro-args"> Macro: <b>PIC_TEXT_STYLE</b> \ <br/> <kbd class="macro-args"> [ FAMILY ] "<family>" \ <br/> [ FONT ] "<font>" \ <br/> [ SIZE ] "+|-<size>" \ <br/> [ AUTOLEAD ] "<value>" </kbd> </div> <p> Diagrams drawn with <b>pic</b> may contain text, and groff <a href="inlines.html#intro-inlines">inline escapes</a> may be used to alter the text parameters. A problem that arises from so doing is that, in many cases, it clutters up the <b>pic</b> code unnecessarily. </p> <p> PIC_TEXT_STYLE lets you establish the type parameters for text inside a <b>pic</b> block all at once in cases where so doing improves the readability of your mom source files. </p> <p> The arguments to PIC_TEXT_STYLE behave identically to the arguments to other control macros, explained <a href="docelement.html#control-macro-args">here</a>. They may be given in any order, and you may use as many or as few as you like. </p> <div class="box-tip"> <p class="tip"> <span class="note">Note:</span> Text within <b>pic</b> diagrams does not scale when you provide a scaling argument to <kbd>.PS</kbd>. This is a limitation of the preprocessor itself, not groff or mom. </p> </div> <div class="rule-medium"><hr/></div> <h3 id="grap" class="docs">grap support</h3> <p> Grap is a <b>pic</b> preprocessor for creating graphs. Grap usage is covered in the <kbd>grap(1)</kbd> manpage. Its mom implementation is the same as for <b>pic</b> except that instead of enclosing directives between <a href="#ps-pe">.PS / .PE</a>, they are enclosed between <b>.G1/.G2</b>. If you use <b>grap</b>, you must pass groff or pdfmom the <b>-G</b> flag when you process the file. </p> <p> <b>.G1</b> takes all the same arguments as <a href="#ps-pe">PS</a> with one exception: the argument <b>GRAP</b> must always be given to <b>.G1</b>. So, for example, a skeleton grap block raised 2 points and with a caption would be entered: <br/> <span class="pre-in-pp"> .G1 GRAP ADJUST +2p CAPTION "Graph caption" <grap directives> .G2 </span> </p> <div class="rule-medium"><hr/></div> <h3 id="eqn" class="docs">eqn support</h3> <p> Support for <b>eqn</b> is provided via extensions to the standard <kbd>.EQ/.EN</kbd> macros. <kbd>eqn</kbd> usage itself is beyond the scope of this documentation, but is covered in the manpage <kbd>eqn(1)</kbd>. You can also download a copy of Ted Harding’s <!--- edit me --> <a href="http://www.zen89632.zen.co.uk/Groff/Eqn/eqnguide.pdf">A Guide to Typesetting Mathematics Using GNU eqn</a>, which contains useful examples. If you use <b>eqn</b>, you must give groff or pdfmom the <b>-e</b> flag. </p> <div class="macro-id-overline"> <h3 id="eq-en" class= "macro-id">.EQ / .EN</h3> </div> <div class="box-macro-args"> Macro: <a href="#eq"><b>EQ</b></a> <br/> <kbd class="macro-args">Arguments: <br/> [ -L | -C | -I <ident> ]</kbd> <span style="font-size: 95%"> (<a href="definitions.html#unitofmeasure">unit of measure</a> required) </span> <kbd class="macro-args"><br/> [ ADJUST +|-<vertical adjustment>]</kbd> <span style="font-size: 95%"> (<a href="definitions.html#unitofmeasure">unit of measure</a> required) </span> <kbd class="macro-args"><br/> [ NO_SHIM ] <br/> [ NO_FLEX ] <br/> [ CAPTION "<caption>" ] <br/> [ LABEL "<label>" ] <br/> [ SHIFT_LABEL +|-<vertical adjustment> ] <br/> [ SHORT_CAPTION "<short caption>" ] <br/> [ TARGET "<name>" ] <br/> Macro: <a href="#en"><b>EN</b></a> <kbd class="macro-args"> [ CONTINUED | CONT | ... ]</kbd> </div> <div class="box-tip"> <p class="tip"> <span class="note">Note: Version 2.0-c change</span> <br/> 2.0-c introduces revisions to <b>EQ</b>, including the addition of a dash (<kbd>-</kbd>) to the positioning arguments (<kbd>-L</kbd>, <kbd>-C</kbd>, and <kbd>-I</kbd>) and the removal of a default value for <kbd>-I</kbd>. Other changes include passing all options to <kbd>.EQ</kbd> (including the label) such that <kbd>.EN</kbd> takes only a single, optional argument saying whether the equation is to be continued at the next invocation of <kbd>.EQ</kbd>. Please read this section carefully if you have documents containing equations as they may need to be updated. </p> </div> <div class="box-important" style="margin-top: 1em"> <p class="tip"> <span class="important">IMPORTANT:</span> All arguments to <b>EQ</b> must appear on the same line as <kbd>.EQ</kbd>. Do not attempt to break them up with the “line-continued” backslash. You may want to set your text editor to “wrap” mode in order to see all your arguments. This annoyance stems from the preprocessor mechanism itself, not groff or mom. </p> </div> <div class="macro-id-overline" style="margin-top: .5em"> <h4 id="eq" class="docs" style="font-size: 100%; margin-top: .5em">The .EQ macro</h4> </div> <p> Equations to be set with <b>eqn</b> begin with <kbd>.EQ</kbd>, followed by <b>eqn</b> code. Equations are centered by default, but may be set flush left or indented from the left margin if <kbd>-L</kbd> or <kbd>-I</kbd> are passed as arguments to <kbd>.EQ</kbd>. </p> <h5 class="docs" style="margin-top: 1em; text-transform: none">'ADJUST'</h5> <p> <kbd>ADJUST</kbd> lets you raise (<kbd>+</kbd>) or lower (<kbd>-</kbd>) an equation <span style="font-style: italic">within the space allotted for it</span> by the amount you specify. This is useful for achieving good optical centering between surrounding blocks of type. A unit of measure is required. </p> <h5 class="docs" style="margin-top: 1em; text-transform: none">'NO_SHIM'</h5> <p> <kbd>NO_SHIM</kbd> instructs mom not to apply <a href="docprocessing.html#shim-vs-flex">shimming</a> after an equation, which she will do automatically when shimming is enabled, which it is by default. Shimming ensures that running text after the equation falls properly on the page’s <a href="definitions.html#baseline-grid">baseline grid</a>, but can result in slightly unequal spacing above and below (correctible with the <kbd>ADJUST</kbd> argument). <kbd>NO_SHIM</kbd> is useful when you have several equations on the page and there are visible differences in the spacing beneath them as a result of shimming. To ensure a flush bottom margin, the last equation on the page should be shimmed, ie should not be given the <kbd>NO_SHIM</kbd> argument. </p> <h5 class="docs" style="margin-top: 1em; text-transform: none">'NO_FLEX'</h5> <p> <kbd>NO_FLEX</kbd> instructs mom not to apply <a href="docprocessing.html#shim-vs-flex">flex-spacing</a> after an equation, which she will do automatically when flex-spacing is enabled. <kbd>NO_FLEX</kbd> is useful when you have several equations on the page and you want to distribute excess vertical whitespace on the page amongst other flex-spacing points on the page. If there are no others, the final equation should be flex-spaced, ie not given the <kbd>NO_FLEX</kbd> argument. </p> </p> <h5 class="docs" style="margin-top: 1em; text-transform: none">'CAPTION'</h5> <p> <kbd>CAPTION</kbd> allows you to give the equation a caption. Equation captions always appear beneath the equation. </p> <h5 class="docs" style="margin-top: 1em; text-transform: none">'SHORT_CAPTION'</h5> <p> <kbd>SHORT_CAPTION</kbd> allows you to trim long captions for inclusion in the List of Equations. The text you supply, surrounded by double-quotes, is what will appear in the List. </p> <h5 class="docs" style="margin-top: 1em; text-transform: none">'LABEL'</h5> <p> <kbd>LABEL</kbd>, if given, appears on the same baseline as the last line of the equation, flush with the left or right margin, depending on the equation’s horizontal position. The text you supply, surrounded by double-quotes, is how the equation is labelled in both the document proper and the List of Equations. Mom provides an auto-labelling facility for equations (see <a href="#autolabel">AUTOLABEL</a>), which, if enabled, overrides the <kbd>LABEL</kbd> argument. </p> <h5 class="docs" style="margin-top: 1em; text-transform: none">'SHIFT_LABEL'</h5> <p> <kbd>SHIFT_LABEL</kbd> allows you to raise (<kbd>-</kbd>) or lower (<kbd>+</kbd>) the equation label. It’s primary use is to center equation labels vertically on the equation rather than flush with the last line. Assuming a three-line equation, <kbd>.EQ SHIFT_LABEL -1v</kbd> would raise the label by one line, thus centering it vertically on the equation. </p> <h5 class="docs" style="margin-top: 1em; text-transform: none">'TARGET'</h5> <p> <kbd>TARGET</kbd> followed by a unique name surrounded by double-quotes creates a PDF target for the equation so that it may be linked to from other places in the file (with PDF_LINK; see <a href="version-2.html#mom-pdf">Producing PDFs with groff and mom</a>). </p> <p> When <a href="#autolabel">autolabelling</a> is enabled and the document is processed with <a href="using.html#pdfmom" style="font-weight: bold">pdfmom</a>, the target name can be used to generate the target’s label number in running text if it is entered as a groff string, ie of the form <kbd>\*[name]</kbd>. For example, if you create a target called “foo” for an equation whose autolabel number would be 3, entering <br/> <span class="pre-in-pp"> See .PDF_LINK foo "Equation \*[foo]" </span> anywhere in running text would result in a pdf link that reads “Equation 3”. If chapter numbers are being prefixed to labels, the same string in, say, chapter 5 would produce the pdf link “Equation 5.3”. </p> <div class="macro-id-overline" style="margin-top: .5em"> <h4 id="en" class="docs" style="font-size: 100%; margin-top: .5em">The .EN macro</h4> </div> <p> A block of <b>eqn</b> code is terminated with <kbd>.EN</kbd>. </p> <p> If an equation needs to span multiple lines, possibly aligned with <b>eqn</b>’s <kbd>'mark'</kbd> and <kbd>'lineup'</kbd> directives, separate invocations of <kbd>.EQ/.EN</kbd> are required for each line, and the optional argument, <kbd>CONTINUED</kbd> (or <kbd>CONT</kbd>, or <kbd>...</kbd> [three dots, an ellipsis]), must be passed to <kbd>.EN</kbd>. </p> <p> If <kbd>-L</kbd> or <kbd>-I</kbd> is given to the first <kbd>.EQ</kbd> of a multi-line equation, they remain in effect until the final <kbd>.EN</kbd>, which does not have the <kbd>CONTINUED</kbd> argument. </p> <p> Mom does not treat equations as floats, therefore it is possible to begin an equation on one page and terminate it on the next. If you wish to keep all lines of an equation together, you must wrap the equation, including all invocations of <kbd>.EQ/.EN</kbd>, inside a <a href="#floats-intro">float</a>. </p> <div class="rule-medium"><hr/></div> <h3 id="refer" class="docs">refer support</h3> <p> <b>refer</b> support is covered in the section <a href="refer.html">Bibliographies and references</a>. </p> <div class="rule-medium"><hr/></div> <h2 id="captions-and-labels" class="docs">Captions and labels</h2> <ul> <li><a href="#autolabel">AUTOLABEL</a></li> <li><a href="#caption-after-label">CAPTION_AFTER_LABEL</a></li> <li><a href="#mla">MLA</a>—MLA-style captioning and labelling</li> <li><a href="#captions-labels-sources">Set style parameters for captions, labels, and sources</a></li> </ul> <p> Mom includes facilities for adding captions and labels to figures, tables, equations, and pdf images, including auto-labelling. If Lists of Figures, Tables, and Equations are desired, captions (if any) and labels (if any) are collected and output in the Lists with the appropriate page number. </p> <p> The distinction between a caption and a label is that labels are identifiers, e.g. “Fig. 1” or “Table 3”, while captions are descriptive or informative. For most types of writing, it is usual to provide both. </p> <p> By default, mom sets captions above figures (i.e. <b>pic</b> output and pdf images) and tables. This behaviour may be modified with the macro <a href="#caption-after-label">CAPTION_AFTER_LABEL</a>. Equations always have their captions set underneath. All aspects of the text style for captions may be set with the macro <a href="#captions-labels-sources">CAPTIONS</a>. </p> <p> Labels for tables are set underneath the table unless the <a href="#mla">MLA</a> macro has been invoked, in which case the label and caption appear above the table, per MLA style, and the source for the table, if any, appears underneath. Labels for figures are set underneath. Equation labels, by default, are set on the same baseline as the last line of the equation. Like captions, all aspects of text style for labels may be established with a single macro <a href="#labels">LABELS</a>. Furthermore, mom can autolabel figures, tables, and equations, with or without a prefixed chapter number. </p> <div class="macro-id-overline"> <h3 id="autolabel" class="macro-id">Autolabel</h3> </div> <div class="box-macro-args"> Macro: <b>AUTOLABEL_EQUATIONS</b> <br/> Macro: <b>AUTOLABEL_IMAGES</b> <br/> Macro: <b>AUTOLABEL_PIC</b> <br/> Macro: <b>AUTOLABEL_TABLES</b> <br/> <kbd class="macro-args">Arguments: <br/> [ PREFIX "<string>"] [ SUFFIX "<string>"] [ PREFIX_CHAPTER [ <n> ] ] </kbd> </div> <p> <b>AUTOLABEL_<type></b> takes care of labelling <type> by identifying each with a separate, incrementing numeric scheme, which is also collected for output in Lists of Figures, Equations, and Tables. </p> <p> Autolabelling may be disabled on-the-fly by giving any argument other than <kbd>PREFIX</kbd>, <kbd>SUFFIX</kbd>, or <kbd>PREFIX_CHAPTER</kbd> to the appropriate macro. For example, </br> <span class="pre-in-pp"> .AUTOLABEL_IMAGES NO </span> would disable autolabelling of images. </p> <h4 class="docs" style="margin-top: -.5em">Prefixes and suffixes</h4> <p> By default, when <b>AUTOLABEL</b> is enabled, the label numbers are prefixed, and, in the case of equations, suffixed, with strings such that they appear for tables as “Table <n>”, for <b>pic</b> diagrams and pdf images as “Fig. <n>”, and for equations as “(<n>)”. </p> <p> You can use <kbd>PREFIX <"string"></kbd> to change what comes before the automatic numbering. For example, if you are including musical excerpts in your document, MLA style requires that they be labelled “Ex. <n>”. Since musical excerpts are likely to be scanned images (in pdf format, don’t forget), you have to change the prefix string for pdf images: <br/> <span class="pre-in-pp"> .AUTOLABEL_IMAGES \ PREFIX "Ex. " \ SUFFIX "" </span> If you need a suffix after the automatic numbering, use <kbd>SUFFIX <"string"></kbd>, like this: <br/> <span class="pre-in-pp"> .AUTOLABEL_IMAGES \ PREFIX "(Fig. " \ SUFFIX ")" </span> Note from the above that both arguments, <kbd>PREFIX</kbd> and <kbd>SUFFIX</kbd>, are required should you want either. Two adjacent double-quotes leaves the string blank. </p> <div class="box-tip"> <p class="tip"> <span class="note">Note:</span> In automatically formatted <a href="#lists-macros">“Lists of ...”</a>, label number prefixes are stripped when autolabelling is enabled. </p> </div> <h4 class="docs" style="margin-top: -.5em">Prefixing chapter numbers</h4> <p> If you would like mom to prefix chapter numbers to the label, pass <kbd>AUTOLABEL_<type></kbd> the argument <kbd>PREFIX_CHAPTER</kbd>. </p> <p> If for some reason you need to specify the chapter number, you may do so by passing the number as an argument to <kbd>PREFIX_CHAPTER</kbd>. Subsequent chapters or major sections will increment by one as expected. </p> <div class="box-tip"> <p class="tip"> <span class="note">Note:</span> For the purposes of labelling, mom treats <a href="docprocessing.html#doctype">DOCTYPE DEFAULT</a> as if it were <b>DOCTYPE CHAPTER</b>, hence, with <kbd>PREFIX_CHAPTER</kbd>, each collated <b>DEFAULT</b> doctype's prefixed “chapter” number is incremented and the label number itself reset to “1”. If you do not give <kbd>PREFIX_CHAPTER</kbd>, the label number is <i>not</i> reset automatically. To reset it, invoke <kbd>.AUTOLABEL_<type></kbd> after each <a href="docprocessing.html#collate">COLLATE</a>. </div> <div id="set-autolabel" class="box-macro-args" style="margin-top: .5em"> Macro: <b>SET_AUTOLABEL</b> <kbd class="macro-args">FIG | TBL | PIC | EQN <n></kbd> </div> <p> You may sometimes need to set or reset the autolabel number for a particular type of pre-processor or for PDF images. This is likely to occur if you are using <a href="#float">FLOAT</a> in conjunction with the <kbd>TO_LIST</kbd> argument. </p> <p> For example, if your document has Figures (PDF images, pic diagrams) and you want your tables to be labelled as Figures as well, you have to wrap the tables inside a float and label the float manually as “Fig. n”, sending it to the List of Figures with <kbd>TO_LIST FIGURES</kbd>. </p> <p> Mom does not autolabel floats or assign them automatically to a list, so she doesn’t know you’ve interrupted the auto-incrementing label numbers. Use SET_AUTOLABEL get her back on track. The number you give as an argument after telling her which kind of label number to set is the one you want to appear next. <br/> <span class="pre-in-pp"> .SET_AUTOLABEL FIG 6 </span> means the next autolabelled Figure will be “Fig. 6.” </p> <div class="macro-id-overline"> <h3 id="caption-after-label" class="macro-id">Captions after labels</h3> </div> <div class="box-macro-args" style="margin-top: .5em"> Macro: <b>CAPTION_AFTER_LABEL</b> <kbd class="macro-args">IMG | PIC | TBL | ALL [ <anything></kbd> ] </kbd> </div> <p> By default, mom sets captions above figures (<b>pic</b> output and pdf images) and tables; labels are always underneath. </p> <p> <kbd>.CAPTION_AFTER_LABEL</kbd>, with one of the required arguments, instructs mom to attach captions directly to the appropriate labels, beginning on the same line. Any argument after the first disables this behaviour, restoring caption placement to mom’s default. For example, <br/> <span class="pre-in-pp"> .CAPTION_AFTER_LABEL ALL </span> would enable captions after labels globally, while a subsequent <br/> <span class="pre-in-pp"> .CAPTION_AFTER_LABEL IMG OFF </span> would disable captions after labels for pdf images only. <kbd>OFF</kbd> can be anything you like (<kbd>X</kbd>, <kbd>NO</kbd>, etc). </p> <p> If <a href="#mla">MLA</a> is enabled, there's no need to invoke <kbd>CAPTION_AFTER_LABEL</kbd> as this is implied. </p> <div class="box-tip"> <p class="tip"> <span class="note">Note:</span> A separate invocation of <kbd>.CAPTION_AFTER_LABEL</kbd> is required for each one of the required first arguments. You cannot, for example, do <br/> <span class="pre-in-pp"> .CAPTION_AFTER_LABEL IMG TBL </span> Rather, you must do <br/> <span class="pre-in-pp"> .CAPTION_AFTER_LABEL IMG .CAPTION_AFTER_LABEL TBL </span> </p> </div> <div class="macro-id-overline"> <h3 id="mla" class="macro-id">MLA-style captioning and labelling</h3> </div> <div class="box-macro-args" style="margin-top: .5em"> Macro: <b>MLA</b> <kbd class="macro-args"> [ <anything></kbd> ] </kbd> </div> <p> Modern Language Association style dictates that captions should always go after labels. Furthermore, labels and captions for tables should go <i>above</i> the tables, with the source for the table, if any, underneath. </p> <p> Invoking <kbd>.MLA</kbd> by itself takes care of these details. If you need to disable MLA-style captioning and labelling mid-document, <kbd>.MLA OFF</kbd> does the trick. <kbd>OFF</kbd> can be anything you like (<kbd>X</kbd>, <kbd>NO</kbd>, etc). </p> <div class="macro-id-overline" style="margin-top: 1em"> <h3 id="captions-labels-sources" class="macro-id">Style parameters for captions, labels and sources</h3> </div> <div class="box-macro-args" style="margin-top: .5em"> Macro: <b>CAPTIONS</b> <kbd class="macro-args">EQN | IMG | PIC | TBL | FLOATING | ALL</kbd> <br/> Macro: <b>LABELS</b> <kbd class="macro-args">EQN | IMG | PIC | TBL | FLOATING | ALL</kbd> <br/> Macro: <b>SOURCES</b> <kbd class="macro-args">TBL</kbd> <br/> <kbd class="macro-args">Style arguments: <br/> FAMILY <family> \ <br/> FONT <font> \ <br/> SIZE +|-<size> \ <br/> AUTOLEAD <value> \ <br/> COLOR <color> \ <br/> QUAD LEFT | CENTER | RIGHT [ ON_LL ] \ <br/> INDENT <indent> \ <br/> ADJUST +|-<vertical adjustment> </kbd> </div> <div class="box-tip"> <p class="tip"> <span class="note">Note:</span> Arguments may be broken into several lines using the “line-continued” backslash (<b>\</b>), as shown above. </p> </div> <div class="box-tip"> <p class="tip"> <span class="note">Additional note:</span> Mom’s default style for labels, captions, and sources is the same as the style used for running text, with two exceptions: labels are set in bold, except for eqn which is roman medium, and the autolead value for all three is “2”, effectively tightening the lead. Furthermore, they are quadded left (except eqn, which is quadded right.) </p> </div> <p> With the exception of <kbd>ADJUST</kbd> and <kbd>QUAD</kbd> (which requires a bit of explanation), the style arguments to <kbd>CAPTIONS</kbd>, <kbd>LABELS</kbd>, and <kbd>SOURCES</kbd> (which is only available for tables) behave identically to the <a href="docelement.html#control-macro-args">arguments to control macros</a>. </p> <p> The first, required argument after <kbd>CAPTIONS</kbd>, <kbd>LABELS</kbd>, or <kbd>SOURCES</kbd> indicates the preprocessor type for which you are setting the parameters. (For convenience PDF_IMAGE—argument <kbd>IMG</kbd>—is here treated as a preprocessor.) <kbd>FLOATING</kbd> sets the style for the macros <a href="#caption">CAPTION</a> and <a href="#label">LABEL</a>, which are used to label floats, quotes, and blockquotes. </p> <p> An argument of <kbd>ALL</kbd> sets a unified style for all preprocessors, floats, quotes, and blockquotes. If the <kbd>ALL</kbd> argument is given, arguments to subsequent invocations of <kbd>CAPTIONS</kbd>, <kbd>LABELS</kbd>, or <kbd>SOURCES</kbd> overwrite only the explicitly named style parameters. </p> <h4 class="docs">QUAD — quadding of labels, captions, and sources</h4> <h5 class="docs" style="text-transform: none">• pic, tbl, pdf images</h5> <p> By default, figures (<b>pic</b> output and pdf images) and tables have their captions and labels set quad left. Sources (for tables) are also set quad left. Equations have their labels set quad right, and their captions centered. </p> <p> Regardless of the quad direction, captions, labels and sources are set on the width of the figure, table, or pdf image unless you pass the optional <kbd>ON_LL</kbd> argument to <kbd>QUAD <direction></kbd>, in which case the prevailing document line length is used instead. </p> <h5 class="docs" style="text-transform: none">• eqn</h5> <p> Equations behave differently. By default, equation labels are set flush right with the page’s right margin regardless of equation positioning, which is, again by default, centered. If the equation is positioned left, the label will appear at the right margin regardless of the direction you give to <kbd>QUAD</kbd>. If the equation is indented with the <kbd>-I <indent></kbd> option, a quad direction of <kbd>LEFT</kbd> is observed, but may overprint the last line of the equation. </p> <p> Note that there is no <kbd>CENTER</kbd> option for equation labels, and that captions are always quadded over the prevailing document line length. </p> <h5 class="docs" style="text-transform: none">• quotes and blockquotes</h5> <p> Floating labels attached to <b>QUOTE</b>s are quadded on the prevailing document line length, and require the <kbd>INDENT</kbd> argument if you want to align them with the left and/or right edges the quote. </p> <p> Floating labels attached to <b>BLOCKQUOTE</b>s are always quadded on the indent and line length of the blockquote. </p> <h5 class="docs" style="text-transform: none">• floats</h5> <p> Floating labels and captions attached to <b>FLOAT</b>s are always quadded over the prevailing document line length, and require the <kbd>INDENT</kbd> argument if you want to align them with the left and/or right edges of the float’s contents. </p> <h4 class="docs">INDENT</h4> <p> The <kbd>INDENT</kbd> argument may only be used if the label or caption type is <kbd>FLOATING</kbd>, and only applies to <b>FLOAT</b>s and <b>QUOTE</b>s, not <b>BLOCKQUOTE</b>s. </p> <p> It is not possible for mom to know the width of a float before setting a label or caption attached to a float. She therefore sets it on the prevailing document line length. While this isn’t much of an issue when the label or caption quad is <b>CENTER</b>, you may want to adjust the horizontal positioning when the quad is <b>LEFT</b> or <b>RIGHT</b>. </p> <p> <kbd>INDENT</kbd>, with a numeric value to which a <a href="definitions.html#unitofmeasure">unit of measure</a> is appended, allows you to indent a floating label or caption so it lines up with the left edge of a <b>FLOAT</b> or <b>QUOTE</b>. <kbd>INDENT RIGHT</kbd> (with a value) allows you to shorten the line length to the appropriate width. If you need both a left and right indent, invoke <kbd>LABELS</kbd> or <kbd>CAPTIONS</kbd> twice, one instance containing <kbd>INDENT <indent></kbd> and the other <kbd>INDENT RIGHT <indent></kbd>. </p> <h4 class="docs">ADJUST</h4> <p> The <kbd>ADJUST</kbd> argument allows you to add(<kbd>+</kbd>) or subtract (<kbd>-</kbd>) vertical space between labels and captions and the output to which they are attached. The argument requires a <a href="definitions.html#unitofmeasure">unit of measure</a>. For example, if you find that table labels are a bit too close to the table itself, <br/> <span class="pre-in-pp"> .LABELS TBL ADJUST +3p </span> would put three extra points of space between the bottoms of tables and the labels that appear beneath them. </p> <h2 id="lists-of" class="docs">Lists of Figures, Tables, and Equations</h2> <p> Besides a <a href="tables-of-contents.html">Table of Contents</a>, mom can generate Lists of Figures, Tables, and Equations. Labels and captions are collected and concatenated, and output in lists with the appropriate page number, just like a Table of Contents. Including such lists in a document is as simple as adding whichever you need of <br/> <span class="pre-in-pp"> .LIST_OF_FIGURES .LIST_OF_EQUATIONS .LIST_OF_TABLES </span> to the end of your input file. </p> <p> Also like the Table of Contents, entries in the Lists' output are clickable PDF links when a document is viewed at the screen. </p> <h3 id="lists-placement" class="docs">Placement of Lists</h3> <p> Lists normally appear after the Table of Contents, and continue the page numbering scheme used for it. By default, the Table of Contents begins on roman-numeral page “i”. </p> <p> If you are using mom’s <a href="tables-of-contents.html#auto-relocate-toc">AUTO_RELOCATE_TOC</a> feature, you have two options for placement of the Lists within the document. If you want the Lists shifted to the top of the document along with the Table of Contents, invoke the Lists macros <i>after</i> <a href="tables-of-contents.html#toc"><kbd>.TOC</kbd></a>. If you prefer to have the Lists at the end of the document, invoke the Lists macros <i>before</i> <kbd>.TOC</kbd>. </p> <p> Lists shifted with the Table of Contents do not appear in the Table of Contents itself, but do appear as clickable links in the PDF outline typically available in the left panel of most PDF viewers. Lists that are not shifted with the Table of Contents appear in both the Table of Contents itself and the PDF outline. </p> <div class="macro-id-overline" style="margin-top: 1em"> <h3 id="lists-macros" class="macro-id">Macros to generate Lists</h3> </div> <div class="box-macro-args" style="margin-top: .5em"> Macro: <b>LIST_OF_EQUATIONS</b> <br/> Macro: <b>LIST_OF_FIGURES</b> <br/> Macro: <b>LIST_OF_TABLES</b> <br/> <kbd class="macro-args">Arguments: <br/> [ TITLE_STRING "<string>" ] [ START_PAGENUM <page number> ] </div> <p> The first optional argument to the <kbd>LIST_OF_<type></kbd> macros allows you to change the title that appears at the top of the page. This is useful not only for internationalization, or to meet the requirements of various style guides, but is also useful for, say, documents containing musical examples, which, per MLA-style, should be labelled “Example ” or “Ex. ”. When it comes time to output the List of Figures (to which musical examples, usually scanned pdf images, belong), <br/> <span class="pre-in-pp"> LIST_OF_FIGURES TITLE_STRING "List of Examples" </span> ensures that the title of the List is correct. </p> <p> The second optional argument allows you to give a starting page number for a list in cases where mom’s pagination scheme does not provide the List with the starting page number you want. </p> <h3 id="formatting-lists" class="docs">Formatting and style parameters for Lists</h3> <p> Like the Table of Contents, nearly every aspect of Lists can be designed independently of a document’s overall style. By default, Lists follow the formatting and style parameters of the Table of Contents, both mom’s defaults and any changes you may have made to the Table of Contents. </p> <p> If you wish to make changes to any aspect of Lists formatting or styling, the macro <kbd>LISTS_STYLE</kbd> provides all the tools necessary. It is unlikely that you’ll want the formatting of the various list types to differ one from the other, so <kbd>LISTS_STYLE</kbd> applies to all Lists. In the event that you do need to change some aspect of the formatting for different list types, simply invoke <kbd>LISTS_STYLE</kbd> immediately prior to each list whose formatting needs to be changed. </p> <div class="macro-id-overline" style="margin-top: 1em"> <h3 id="lists-style" class="macro-id">Lists style</h3> </div> <div class="box-macro-args" style="margin-top: .5em"> Macro: <b>LISTS_STYLE</b> <kbd class="macro-args"> <br/> Arguments: <br/> FAMILY <family> \ <br/> FONT <font> \ <br/> PT_SIZE <size> \ <br/> LEAD <leading> \ <br/> TITLE_FAMILY <family> \ <br/> TITLE_FONT <font> \ <br/> TITLE_SIZE +|-<size> \ <br/> TITLE_QUAD LEFT | CENTER | RIGHT \ <br/> TOC_HEADER_UNDERSCORE default = none <br/> TITLE_COLOR <color> \ <br/> PN_FAMILY <family> \ <br/> PN_FONT <font> \ <br/> PN_SIZE +|-<size> \ <br/> EQN_PN_PADDING <placeholders> \ <br/> FIG_PN_PADDING <placeholders> \ <br/> TBL_PN_PADDING <placeholders> \ <br/> PAGENUM_STYLE DIGIT | ROMAN | roman | ALPHA | alpha \ <br/> NO_PAGINATION </kbd> </div> <div class="box-tip"> <p class="tip"> <span class="note">Note:</span> Arguments may be broken into several lines using the “line-continued” backslash (<b>\</b>), as shown above. </p> </div> <p> <kbd>FAMILY</kbd> is the family for the entirety of Lists pages. </p> <p> <kbd>FONT</kbd> is the font for the entirety of Lists pages. </p> <p> <kbd>PT_SIZE</kbd> is the base point size for the entirety of Lists pages. </p> <p> <kbd>LEAD</kbd> is the base leading for the entirety of Lists pages. </p> <p> <kbd>TITLE_FAMILY</kbd> is the family for the Lists titles if you want it different from the family otherwise used for the Lists pages. </p> <p> <kbd>TITLE_FONT</kbd> is the font for the Lists titles if you want it different from the font otherwise used for the Lists pages. </p> <p> <kbd>TITLE_SIZE</kbd> tells mom by how much to increase (<kbd>+</kbd>) or decrease (<kbd>-</kbd>) the point size of the titles relative to the overall point size of Lists pages. </p> <p> <kbd>TITLE_QUAD</kbd> tells mom how to position the title horizontally. </p> <p> <kbd>TITLE_COLOR</kbd> sets the colour for the titles. The colour must be pre-initialized with <a href="color.html#newcolor">NEWCOLOR</a> or <a href="color.html#xcolor">XCOLOR</a>. </p> <p> <kbd>PN_FAMILY</kbd> sets the family for entry pagenumbers. </p> <p> <kbd>PN_FONT</kbd> sets the font for entry pagenumbers. </p> <p> <kbd>PN_SIZE</kbd> tells mom by how much to increase (<kbd>+</kbd>) or decrease (<kbd>-</kbd>) the point size of entry pagenumbers relative to the overall point size of Lists pages. </p> <p> <kbd>EQN_PN_PADDING</kbd>, <kbd>FIG_PN_PADDING</kbd>, and <kbd>TBL_PN_PADDING</kbd> tells mom how many placeholders to reserve for the entry pagenumbers in their respective Lists. If, for example, a document with both tables and figures runs to over a hundred pages, but there are no tables after page 99, <br/> <span class="pre-in-pp"> LISTS_STYLE FIG_PN_PADDING 3 LISTS_STYLE TBL_PN_PADDING 2 </span> would prevent an unneeded, reserved placeholder from putting too much space between the leader and the entry pagenumber in the List of Tables. </p> <p> The padding in effect, unless you change it, is whatever was set for the Tables of Contents; mom’s default is “3”. </p> <p> <kbd>PAGENUM_STYLE</kbd> tells mom which pagination format to use for the page numbers of the Lists pages themselves. By default, since Lists observe what is in effect for the Table of Contents, the pagination format is “roman”. Please note that the starting page number for any of the Lists is given as an argument to the <a href="#lists-of">LISTS_0F_<type></a> macro. </p> <p> <kbd>NO_PAGINATION</kbd> disables pagination of Lists pages. </p> <div class="rule-long"><hr/></div> <!-- Navigation links --> <table style="width: 100%; margin-top: 12px;"> <tr> <td style="width: 33%;"><a href="toc.html">Back to Table of Contents</a></td> <td style="width: 20%; text-align: center;"><a href="#top">Top</a></td> <td style="width: 46%; text-align: right;"><a href="headfootpage.html">Next: Page headers/footers, pagination</a></td> </tr> </table> </div> <div class="bottom-spacer"><br/></div> </body> </html>