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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> <!-- This file is part of groff, the GNU roff type-setting system. Copyright (C) 2004-2018 Free Software Foundation, Inc. Written by Peter Schaffter (peter@schaffter.ca). Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the Free Documentation License is included as a file called FDL in the main directory of the groff source package. --> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8"/> <title>Mom -- Graphical Objects</title> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="stylesheet.css" /> </head> <body style="background-color: #f5faff;"> <!-- ==================================================================== --> <div id="top" class="page"> <!-- Navigation links --> <table style="width: 100%;"> <tr> <td><a href="toc.html">Back to Table of Contents</a></td> <td style="text-align: right;"><a href="docprocessing.html#top">Next: Document processing</a></td> </tr> </table> <h1 class="docs">Graphical objects</h1> <div style="text-align: center;"> <ul class="no-enumerator" style="margin-left: -2.5em;"> <li><a href="#intro-graphical">Introduction to graphical objects</a></li> <li><a href="#behaviour">Graphical objects behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="#order">Order of arguments</a></li> <li><a href="#index-graphical">Index of graphical objects macros</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="rule-medium"><hr/></div> <h2 id="intro-graphical" class="docs">Introduction to graphical objects</h2> <p> Groff has a number of <a href="definitions.html#inlines">inline escapes</a> for drawing rules, polygons, ellipses and splines. All begin with <kbd>\D</kbd> (presumably for “Draw”) and are documented in the groff info manual: <br/> <span class="pre-in-pp"> info groff => Escape index => \D </span> The escapes allow you to draw just about any simple graphical object you can think of, but owing to their syntax, they’re not always easy to read, which can make tweaking them difficult. Additionally, while they perform in a <i>consistent</i> manner, they don’t always perform in an <i>expected</i> manner. </p> <p> Experience shows that the most common graphical elements typesetters need are rules (horizontal and vertical), boxes, and circles (or ellipses). For this reason, mom provides macros to draw these objects in an easy-to-understand way; the results are predictable, and mom’s syntax makes fixes or tweaks painless. </p> <p id="graphical-example"> For example, if you want to draw a 2-inch square outline box at the left margin using groff’s <kbd>\D</kbd> escapes, it looks like this: <br/> <span class="pre-in-pp"> back up by weight +-------+ | | \D't 500'\h'-500u'\D'p 2i 0 0 2i -2i 0 0 -2i' | | | | +-------+ +------------------------+ set rule draw box, 1 line at a time weight </span> Obviously, this isn’t very efficient for something as simple as a box. </p> <p> Here’s the same box, drawn with mom’s box drawing macro <kbd><a href="#dbx">DBX</a></kbd>: <br/> <span class="pre-in-pp"> left margin indent--+ +--box width | | .DBX .5 0 2i 2i | | rule weight--+ +--box depth (in points) </span> </p> <p> Mom’s graphical object macros allow—in fact, require—giving the rule weight (“thickness”) for the object (or saying that you want it filled), an indent from the left margin where the object begins, the dimensions of the object, and optionally a colour for the object. </p> <p> There are no defaults for the arguments to mom'a graphical object macros, which means you must supply the arguments every time you invoke them. </p> <div class="box-tip"> <p class="tip"> <span class="note">Note:</span> As stated above, mom only provides macros for commonly-used graphical objects (rules, boxes, circles). More complex objects (polygons, non-straight lines, splines) must be drawn using groff’s <kbd>\D</kbd> escapes. </p> </div> <h3 id="behaviour" class="docs">Graphical object behaviour</h3> <p> Mom’s graphical object macros all behave in the following, carved-in-stone ways: </p> <ol style="margin-top: -.5em; margin-bottom: -.5em;"> <li>Objects are drawn from the <a href="definitions.html#baseline">baseline</a> down, including horizontal rules.</li> <li>Objects begin precisely at the left indent supplied as an argument to the macro.</li> <li>Objects are drawn from left to right.</li> <li>Enclosed objects (boxes, circles) are drawn from the perimeter <i>inward</i>.</li> <li>Objects return to their horizontal/vertical point of origin.</li> </ol> <p> The consistency means that once you've mastered the very simple order of arguments that applies to invoking graphical object macros, you can draw objects with full confidence that you know exactly where they’re placed and how much room they occupy. Furthermore, because all return to their point of origin, you’ll know exactly where you are on the page. </p> <h3 id="order" class="docs">Order of arguments</h3> <p> The order of arguments to the graphical object macros is the same for every macro: </p> <ul style="margin-top: -.5em; margin-bottom: -.5em;"> <li>the <kbd><span style="text-decoration: underline">W</span></kbd>eight of the rule <ul style="margin-left: -.75em;"> <li>if the object is enclosed (i.e. is a box or circle), the weight of the rule if you want the object outlined</li> <li>the single word, <kbd>SOLID</kbd>, may be used in place of the <b>weight</b> argument if you want the object filled</li> </ul></li> <li>the <kbd><span style="text-decoration: underline">I</span></kbd>ndent from the current left margin at which to begin the object</li> <li>the <kbd><span style="text-decoration: underline">L</span></kbd>ength of the object, if applicable</li> <li>the <kbd><span style="text-decoration: underline">D</span></kbd>epth of the object, if applicable</li> <li>the <kbd><span style="text-decoration: underline">C</span></kbd>olour of the object (optional)</li> </ul> <p> A simple mnemonic for the order of arguments is “<b>WILD C</b>ard”. If you fix the mnemonic in your brain and apply a little judicious reasoning, you’ll always remember how to draw graphical objects. The “judicious reasoning” means that, for example, horizontal rules don’t require a depth and vertical rules don’t require a length. Thus, in the case of drawing a horizontal rule, you supply the macro <kbd><a href="#drh">DRH</a></kbd> with only the arguments (from the mnemonic) that apply: <b>W-I-L</b> (and possibly <b>C</b>). </p> <div class="macro-list-container"> <h3 id="index-graphical" class="macro-list">Graphical objects macros</h3> <ul class="macro-list"> <li><a href="#drh">DRH</a> – horizontal rules</li> <li><a href="#drv">DRV</a> – vertical rules</li> <li><a href="#dbx">DBX</a> – box</li> <li><a href="#dcl">DCL</a> – circles or ellipses</li> </ul> </div> <!-- -DRH- --> <div class="macro-id-overline"> <h3 id="drh" class="macro-id">Drawing horizontal rules</h3> </div> <div class="box-macro-args"> Macro: <b>DRH</b> <kbd class="macro-args"><none> | <weight> <indent> <length> [<colour>]</kbd> </div> <p class="requires"> • the argument to <kbd class="normal"><weight></kbd> is in <a href="definitions.html#picaspoints" class="normal">points</a>, but do <span class="normal">NOT</span> append the <a href="definitions.html#unitsofmeasure">unit of measure</a>, <kbd class="normal">p</kbd> <br/> • <kbd class="normal"><indent></kbd> and <kbd class="normal"><length></kbd> require a unit of measure <br/> • arithmetic expressions to <kbd class="normal"><indent></kbd> and <kbd class="normal"><length></kbd> must be surrounded by parentheses </p> <p> If all you want is to draw a rule from your current left margin to your current right margin (in other words, a "full measure" rule), you may invoke <kbd>.DRH</kbd> without any arguments. </p> <div class="box-tip"> <p class="tip"> <span class="note">Note:</span> DRH is the only graphical object macro that may be invoked without arguments. The weight (“thickness”) of the rule is determined by the argument you last gave the macro <a href="inlines.html#rule-weight">RULE_WEIGHT</a>. DRH, used this way, is exactly equivalent to entering the <a href="definitions.html#inlines">inline escape</a>, <a href="inlines.html#inline-rule-mom"><kbd>\*[RULE]</kbd></a>. </p> </div> <p style="margin-top: -.5em;"> To draw horizontal rules of a specified length, you must, at a minimum, supply DRH with the arguments <kbd>weight,</kbd> <kbd>indent</kbd> (measured from the current left margin) and <kbd>length</kbd>. </p> <p> Optionally, you may give a <kbd>colour</kbd> argument. The colour may be either one defined with <a href="color.html#newcolor">NEWCOLOR</a>, or a named X-colour inititialized with <a href="color.html#xcolor">XCOLOR</a>, or an X-colour alias (again, initialized with XCOLOR). </p> <p> Say, for example, you want to draw a 1-1/4 point horizontal rule that starts 2 picas from the current left margin and runs for 3 inches. To do so, you'd invoke <kbd>.DRH</kbd> like this: <br/> <span class="pre-in-pp"> weight length | | .DRH 1.25 2P 3i | indent </span> (Note that the rule weight argument, which is expressed in points, must NOT have the unit of measure <kbd>p</kbd> appended to it.) </p> <p> If, in addition, you want the rule blue: <br/> <span class="pre-in-pp"> .DRH 1.25 2P 3i blue </span> </p> <h3 class="docs">How mom handles the positioning of horizontal rules</h3> <p> Horizontal rules are drawn from left to right, and from the baseline down. “From the baseline down” means that if you request a rule with a weight of four points, the four points of rule fall entirely below the baseline. </p> <p> Furthermore, after the rule is drawn, mom returns you to the current left margin, at the same vertical position on the page as when DRH was invoked. In other words, DRH causes no movement on the page, either horizontal or vertical. </p> <!-- -DRV- --> <div class="macro-id-overline"> <h3 id="drv" class="macro-id">Drawing vertical rules</h3> </div> <div class="box-macro-args"> Macro: <b>DRV</b> <kbd class="macro-args"><weight> <indent> <depth> [<colour>]</kbd> </div> <p class="requires"> • the argument to <kbd class="normal"><weight></kbd> is in <a href="definitions.html#picaspoints" class="normal">points</a>, but do <span class="normal">NOT</span> append the <a href="definitions.html#unitsofmeasure">unit of measure</a>, <kbd class="normal">p</kbd> <br/> • <kbd class="normal"><indent></kbd> and <kbd class="normal"><depth></kbd> require a unit of measure <br/> • arithmetic expressions to <kbd class="normal"><indent></kbd> and <kbd class="normal"><depth></kbd> must be surrounded by parentheses </p> <p> To draw vertical rules of a specified length, you must, at a minimum, supply DRV with the arguments <kbd>weight,</kbd> <kbd>indent</kbd> (measured from the current left margin) and <kbd>depth</kbd>. </p> <p> Optionally, you may give a <kbd>colour</kbd> argument. The colour may be either one defined with <a href="color.html#newcolor">NEWCOLOR</a>, or a named X-colour inititialized with <a href="color.html#xcolor">XCOLOR</a>, or an X-colour alias (again, initialized with XCOLOR). </p> <p> Say, for example, you want to draw a 3/4-point vertical rule that starts 19-1/2 picas from the current left margin and has a depth of 6 centimeters. To do so, you'd invoke <kbd>.DRV</kbd> like this: <br/> <span class="pre-in-pp"> weight depth | | .DRV .75 19P+6p 6c | indent </span> (Note that the rule weight argument, which is expressed in points, must NOT have the unit of measure <kbd>p</kbd> appended to it.) </p> <p> If, in addition, you want the rule red: <br/> <span class="pre-in-pp"> .DRV .75 19P+6p 6c red </span> </p> <h3 class="docs">How mom handles the positioning of vertical rules</h3> <p> Vertical rules are drawn from the baseline down, and from left to right. "Left to right" means that if you request a rule with a weight of four points, the four points of rule fall entirely to the left of the indent given to DRV. </p> <p> Furthermore, after the rule is drawn, mom returns you to the current left margin, at the same vertical position on the page as when DRV was invoked. In other words, DRV causes no movement on the page, either horizontal or vertical. </p> <!-- -DBX- --> <div class="macro-id-overline"> <h3 id="dbx" class="macro-id">Drawing boxes</h3> </div> <div class="box-macro-args"> Macro: <b>DBX</b> <kbd class="macro-args">< <weight> | SOLID > <indent> <length> <depth> [<colour>]</kbd> </div> <p class="requires"> • the argument to <kbd class="normal"><weight></kbd> is in <a href="definitions.html#picaspoints" class="normal">points</a>, but do <span class="normal">NOT</span> append the <a href="definitions.html#unitsofmeasure">unit of measure</a> <kbd class="normal">p</kbd> <br/> • <kbd class="normal"><indent></kbd>, <kbd class="normal"><length></kbd>, and <kbd class="normal"><depth></kbd> require a unit of measure <br/> • arithmetic expressions to <kbd class="normal"><indent></kbd>, <kbd class="normal"><length></kbd>, and <kbd class="normal"><depth></kbd> must be surrounded by parentheses </p> <p> To draw boxes of specified dimensions, you must, at a minimum, supply DBX with the arguments <kbd>weight</kbd> or <kbd>SOLID</kbd>, <kbd>indent</kbd> (measured from the current left margin), <kbd>length</kbd> and <kbd>depth</kbd>. </p> <p> Optionally, you may give a <kbd>colour</kbd> argument. The colour may be either one defined with <a href="color.html#newcolor">NEWCOLOR</a>, or a named X-colour inititialized with <a href="color.html#xcolor">XCOLOR</a>, or an X-colour alias (again, initialized with XCOLOR). </p> <p> Say, for example, you want to draw a 1/2 point outline box that starts one inch from the current left margin and has the dimensions 12 picas x 6 picas. To do so, you'd invoke <kbd>.DBX</kbd> like this: <br/> <span class="pre-in-pp"> indent depth | | .DBX .5 1i 12P 6P | | weight length </span> (Note that the box weight argument, which is expressed in points, must NOT have the unit of measure <kbd>p</kbd> appended to it.) </p> <p> If you want the same box, but solid (“filled”) rather than drawn as an outline: <br/> <span class="pre-in-pp"> .DBX SOLID 1i 12P 6P </span> Additionally, if you want the box green: <br/> <span class="pre-in-pp"> .DBX .5 1i 12P 6P green or .DBX SOLID 1i 12P 6P green </span> </p> <h3 class="docs">How mom handles the positioning of boxes</h3> <p> Boxes are drawn from the baseline down, from left to right, and from the perimeter <i>inward</i>. “From the perimeter inward” means that if you request a box weight of six points, the 6-point rules used to draw the outline of the box fall entirely <i>within</i> the dimensions of the box. </p> <p> Furthermore, after the box is drawn, mom returns you to the current left margin, at the same vertical position on the page as when DBX was invoked. In other words, DBX causes no movement on the page, either horizontal or vertical. </p> <!-- -DCL- --> <div class="macro-id-overline"> <h3 id="dcl" class="macro-id">Drawing circles (ellipses)</h3> </div> <div class="box-macro-args"> Macro: <b>DCL</b> <kbd class="macro-args">< <weight> | SOLID > <indent> <length> <depth> [<colour>]</kbd> </div> <p class="requires"> • the argument to <kbd class="normal"><weight></kbd> is in <a href="definitions.html#picaspoints" class="normal">points</a>, but do <span class="normal">NOT</span> append the <a href="definitions.html#unitsofmeasure">unit of measure</a>, <kbd class="normal">p</kbd> <br/> • the arguments <kbd class="normal"><indent></kbd>, <kbd class="normal"><length></kbd> and <kbd class="normal"><depth></kbd> require a unit of measure <br/> • arithmetic expressions to <kbd class="normal"><indent></kbd>, <kbd class="normal"><length></kbd> and <kbd class="normal"><depth></kbd> must be surrounded by parentheses </p> <p> To draw circles of specified dimensions, you must, at a minimum, supply DCL with the arguments <kbd>weight</kbd> or <kbd>SOLID</kbd>, <kbd>indent</kbd> (measured from the current left margin), <kbd>length</kbd> and <kbd>depth</kbd>. </p> <p> Optionally, you may give a <kbd>colour</kbd> argument. The colour may be either one defined with <a href="color.html#newcolor">NEWCOLOR</a>, or a named X-colour inititialized with <a href="color.html#xcolor">XCOLOR</a>, or an X-colour alias (again, initialized with XCOLOR). </p> <p> Say, for example, you want to draw a 1/2 point outline circle (ellipse, actually, in this case) that starts one inch from the current left margin and has the dimensions 6 centimeters x 3 centimeters. To do so, you'd invoke <kbd>.DCL</kbd> like this: <br/> <span class="pre-in-pp"> indent depth | | .DCL .5 1i 6c 3c | | weight length </span> (Note that the box weight argument, which is expressed in points, must NOT have the unit of measure <kbd>p</kbd> appended to it.) </p> <p> If you want the same box, but solid (“filled”) rather than drawn as an outline: <br/> <span class="pre-in-pp"> .DCL SOLID 1i 6c 3c </span> Additionally, if you want the circle yellow: <br/> <span class="pre-in-pp"> .DCL .5 1i 6c 3c yellow or .DCL SOLID 1i 6c 3c yellow </span> </p> <h3 class="docs">How mom handles the positioning of circles (ellipses)</h3> <p> Circles (ellipses) are drawn from the baseline down, from left to right, and from the perimeter <i>inward</i>. “From the perimeter inward” means that if you request a circle weight of six points, the 6-point rule used to draw the outline of the circle or ellipse falls entirely <i>within</i> the dimensions of the circle or ellipse. </p> <p> Furthermore, after the circle is drawn, mom returns you to the current left margin, at the same vertical position on the page as when DCL was invoked. In other words, DCL causes no movement on the page, either horizontal or vertical. </p> <div class="rule-long"><hr/></div> <!-- Navigation links --> <table style="width: 100%; margin-top: 12px;"> <tr> <td style="width: 33%;"><a href="toc.html">Back to Table of Contents</a></td> <td style="width: 33%; text-align: center;"><a href="#top">Top</a></td> <td style="width: 33%; text-align: right;"><a href="docprocessing.html#top">Next: Document processing</a></td> </tr> </table> </div> <div class="bottom-spacer"><br/></div> </body> </html>